Consumer Behavior Disconfirmation of Expectations

Question: Depict about the Consumer Behavior for Disconfirmation of Expectations. Answer: Desire Disconfirmation Theory: Oliver conceptualized the hypothesis of disconfirmation of desires in 1980. The foundation of the examination was made on the experience of fulfillment where the standard proportion of study has been that fulfillment draws in relationship of past desires with the down to business execution (Wang Fu, 2013). This hypothesis expresses that a purchasers complete fulfillment results from an assessment of the desire with the presentation result. Therefore, the two significant factors of this hypothesis are desire and the exhibition result which convinces the decision of the fulfillment measure. The fulfillment level of buyers is taken in as one of the main considerations to anticipate the buy inclination of client. Desire disconfirmation hypothesis can help a firm in expanding fulfillment through expanded evident execution of item or the diminishing in desire. Fig.1: First Expectation Disconfirmation Theory Desires can be characterized as the expectations of shoppers about the items and administrations execution. The EDT model has the capacity of characterizing various habits of the customers during the time spent buy. New clients who don't have any direct understanding about the nature of items and execution depend on the criticisms they acquire from the broad communications and different clients. Seen execution dissects the experience of customers subsequent to utilizing certain items or administrations that can be better or sub-par than the desire for the buyers. Shoppers who have the applicable experience alongside the ones, who don't, will buy and experience an item for a specific timeframe to perceive the positive nature of the administrations or items introduced by the business (Selnes, 2013). Disconfirmation can be certain disconfirmation, negative disconfirmation and straightforward disconfirmation. Positive disconfirmation happens when an apparent presentation of a specific item or administration surpasses the fulfillment level of buyers though when it doesn't coordinate the desire it prompts clients disappointment. Ultimately, when there is no distinction between desire for customers and the genuine presentation of a specific item or administration, basic affirmation happens. Three determinants of purchaser of running shoes Three characteristics of the buyer who is hoping to buy a running shoe are solace, sturdiness and style. Solace: A happy with running shoe isn't in every case simple to discover, however the interest for it has gone up throughout the years. Running shoes which are conventional in nature offers additional padding where landing can deliver a power of 1.5 to multiple times the body weight. Running shoes needs to introduce simple flexing at the chunk of the foot with adequate steadiness. Certain things that shoppers will think about agreeableness: - Intended Use: A significant factor is in which surface the buyer of the running shoe would make his standard run, a timberland trail or a reason fabricated track. Every single surface requires an alternate sort of running shoes. - Length of the Shoe: The purchaser needs to keep a receptive outlook on the size of the shoe and one thing which he ought to recall is that his foot needs more space while running. It so happens that the further one runs the foot will grow normally. A tad of additional room is prudent. - Width of the Shoe: Width of the shoe is similarly significant as the length of the equivalent. An ideal extent of human body is hard to track down where one can frequently have smaller or more extensive feet than typical. - Weight: It considers two things; The heaviness of the sprinter If the customer is a major assembled individual then he presumably requires a shoe that has a great deal of help The heaviness of the shoe: A lighter shoe is again a recommendation as by and large the shopper will be wearing it for some kilometers. Toughness: Durable soles are an essential factor to search for in running shoes. A decent quality and sturdy sole will enable the sprinter to utilize that specific running shoe for at any rate 300 to 500 miles before they begin changing their presentation. Be that as it may, a marginally heavier sprinter will see the progressions sooner. The shoes which are lighter in nature are regularly less tough than their heavier proportionate. In addition the running shoes should just be utilized for running and not for some other reason. Style: One ought to consistently look great while running and the primary that individuals sees in anybody is the shoe he wears. There are a great deal of running shoe marks in the market going from Nike to Adidas. It is increasingly similar to what suits the purchasers and what relieves his eye for the sake of the design and style. Plan of a running shoe matters in acquiring the condition of solace for the customer. Deciding the shoppers significance loads for each characteristic: Various customers would weigh contrastingly for the three characteristics referenced previously. Shoppers view of that specific item and his principle reason or thought behind utilizing such an item decides the weighted of the ascribes identified with the item. This specific customer is not kidding about his running shoes which he feels would have a major influence in making him run for longer hours to keep him fit and on target for a sound body. For him, Comfort will be equivalent to 55% as though he isn't happy with his running shoes he probably won't feel propelled to proceed with his running all the time. He generally has the choice of transforming it or supplanting it with another pair yet then running shoes of good quality are exorbitant. Agreeableness with his running shoes will keep his feet flawless and fit as a fiddle without bringing about any harm. Also, running shoes are commonly made to give greatest stun digestion which may help forestalling tendinitis, heel agony and stress cracks. The buyer has choose a weighted of 35% on the sturdiness factor. As expressed before these shoes come at an exorbitant cost and no buyer would need to transform it following a couple of range months. Toughness is a factor that is straightforwardly connected with this items. The main inquiry that by and large a customer would pose to a retailer about a shoe is that whether a specific shoe is tough or not. Destroyed shoes are never acceptable to simple and they would not fill any need of the sprinter. He was not to enthusiastic about the style factor, however consented to give it a 10% weight. For him style doesn't have an impact as significant as the other two determinants. Filling the need is more significant factor for him than the item being tasteful and slick. On a size of 1 to 7, shoppers desire on how the brand would perform on each qualities On getting some information about what his earlier desires have been in regards to the acquisition of a Nike running shoe, the purchaser consented to the way that he had sure earlier originations and assumptions regarding the brand. Solace is a factor that the buyer has anticipated that the brand should offer through its shoes like Nike Zoom Structure and Nike LunarGlide which has a delicate padding with a decent dependability factor alongside its rich looks. Passing by the item audit, the purchaser anticipated that the brand should play great, in this way giving it a high pace of 6. Cost is a factor, yet not more than its strength which should be thought of. Marked items consistently accompany a tag of strength, to have a decent and steadfast client base. Life span of an item decides the client base of that association. A specific slip in quality can be obliterating for a brand. The buyer utilizes other typical Nike shoes and he has been very content with the utilization of those shoes. He has faith in the brand and in its sturdiness factor. The shopper from his related knowledge has given 5 out of 7 to the brand. Nike is a brand that is celebrated for solace and style. As style is the exact opposite thing that the customer would concentrate on while purchasing a running shoe he just gave 2 out of 7 on that factor. Style is required for the individuals who are style cognizant yet this man doesn't appear to be one. On a size of 1 to 7, the customer rates his real observations on the presentation of the shoe on each traits The buyer is happy with the manner in which the shoe is performing for him. He expresses that the solace factor has been at the most elevated level. He purchased the Nike LunarGlide and states its padding part is all around set to stop any sort of injury to the feet if the feet doesn't land appropriately now and again. His feet don't feel any sort of stress much subsequent to running for a more extended timeframe. He says his earlier desire has coordinated with the exhibition result of the shoe. He rates it 6 out of 7. On the toughness front too the shopper is very fulfilled. It has hold up well on a couple of events when the buyer chose to give it a shot on trekking. A couple of detached to a great extent however he is prepared to give it a 4. Style never made a difference for him, however not many individuals have been very amazing with look of the LunarGlide shoe. He prefers the style now more than he suspected of before getting it. He gave it a 2 preceding getting it, in the wake of getting people groups perspectives and thoughts about the style factor he was prepared to build it by one and give it a 3. S= w (p-e), where S is fulfillment level Solace; Perceived = 6, Expected = 6 S= .55(6-6) = 0; as it is 0, it means that the client was happy with the solace factor Toughness; Perceived = 4, Expected = 5 S= .35(4-5) = (.35) which is underneath 0 connoting that the purchaser was not excessively happy with the sturdiness factor. Style; Perceived = 3, Expected = 2 S= .10 (3-2) = .10 which is more than 0 meaning that he was intrigued with its style factor. Aggregate everything being equal: (Comfort+ Durability+ Style) = (6+4+3) = 13 Aggregate everything being equal: (Comfort+ Durability+ Style) = (6+5+2) = 13 Here, in general, it very well may be seen that the total of all observations short desires is (13-13) 0 which demonstrate that the shopper is absolutel

History Of Jazz And Classical Music Upon Entering A Modern Record Stor

History of Jazz and Classical Music Upon entering a cutting edge record store, one is gone up against with a wide assortment of decisions in recorded music. These decisions incorporate a large number of craftsmen, yet in addition a wide decent variety of music classes. These classifications run the extent from simple listening move music to progressively complex workmanship music. On the mind boggling side of the scale are the classifications known as Jazz and Classical music. Probably the most practiced performers within recent memory have given themselves to a long lasting investigation of Jazz or Classical music, and a couple of outstanding artists have really aced both. A correlation of traditional and Jazz music will yield some fascinating outcomes and could likewise prompt a valuation for the capacities expected to perform or make these sorts out of music. How about we start with a glance at the chronicles of the two. The music called old style, found in stores and performed ro utinely by orchestras around the globe, ranges a period of time from 1600 up to the present. This time period incorporates the Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic and Contemporary periods. The old style time of music really ranges a period from of 1750 to 1800; subsequently, the term Classical is a misnomer and could all the more accurately be changed to Western Art Music or European Art Music. European on the grounds that a large portion of the significant writers up till the twentieth century were European. Vivaldi was Italian, Bach was German, Mozart and Beethoven were Austrian; they are a portion of the more noticeable authors. Not until the twentieth century with Gershwin and a couple of others do we discover American authors composing this sort of craftsmanship music. For show, we can allude to Western Art Music as Classical music. Jazz is an unmistakably American type of music, and it's history possesses an a lot littler range of time. Its starting points are found in t he mid 1900s as some move band pioneers in the southern U.S. started playing music that joined jazz and blues. Early examples of this move music were Jelly Roll Martin (a blues player) and Scott Joplin (jazz). The terms Jazz and Jazz Band originally surfaced in the year 1900. Some state this happened in New Orleans, albeit comparative music was played simultaneously in different spots. The most noticeable examples of this early music, called Dixieland Jazz, included Louis Armstrong and Sidney Bechet. After World War I, Jazz music had advanced and was supported by the improvement of the chronicle business. The little move band outfit developed into the bigger symphony known as the Big Band. The music of the Big Bands got known as Swing. Two of the more celebrated Swing band pioneers were Tommy Dorsey and Harry James. In the late 40s and through the 50s, an alternate sort of Jazz got famous. This music, played by a little gathering, was substantially more modern and complex . Its rich symphonious changes and melodic antithesis were not helpful for move. It got known as Bop, with Charlie Parker and Dizzie Gillespie being the early advocates. Over the most recent twenty years there has been a blend of Jazz with well known music of the US and Latin America. This cutting edge Jazz music has been called Fusion. Present day types incorporate Pat Metheny and Chic Corea. There has additionally been an arrival to the sound of Bop over the most recent ten years by such artists as trumpeter Winton Marsalis and his sibling Branford, a saxophonist. How about we center around the instrumentation of the two sorts of music. In Classical music, both huge symphonies and little outfits are utilized. In any case, by and large, the best and most conspicuous structures are for the bigger ensemble symphony. The biggest piece of the ensemble is the string area comprising of violins, violas, cellos and string basses. These instruments were concocted right off the bat in medieval occasio ns yet truly developed into their current structure during the late eighteenth century. The breeze instruments, contained metal and woodwinds, took more time to develop. The metal area specifically didn't forces the capacity to play chromatically (in all keys) until the appearance of valves which permitted the length of the instrument to be changed while playing. This happened around the center

How to Become a Great Software Developer

How to Become a Great Software Developer Anyone can be a software developer; however, not all of them can become a ‘great’ software developer. Sadly, this is a fact that is acknowledged even by the more experienced software developers, or those who are at the top of their field. As in any other profession or discipline, it takes a lot to get as much knowledge, training and expertise in order to deserve having the word “great” attached to their name or occupation.But here’s the good news; no, it’s great news. With the right training, experience, and attitude, a new software developer has high chances of becoming a great one. © Shutterstock.com | dotshockThis guide explains 1) who is a software developer and what does he do on a day-to-day basis and 2) a list of secreat tips for becoming a great software developer.MEET THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPERTake note of all the computer software that you use so often that you can no longer imagine getting by without them in your daily life. There is a 100% chance that there is a software developer, or a team of software developers, behind it.A software developer is someone directly involved in any facet of the software development process, from research and design stage until the actual programming, testing and implementation. He has some computer programming skills, which can be acquired through computer science courses and subjects. In the past, software developers have been identified with people who have a degree in computer science; these days, however, a degree is not compulsory for anyone to become a software developer.It has been established that a software devel oper is one who “makes software that can be used”. If we look at the various job descriptions of software developers, we can break down their roles and functions into the following:Designs software systems that can and will be used by companies, individuals and other end users.Maintain the design as well as the overall maintenance of software system.Identify existing and potential errors in the software.Correct the errors and modify the software for better, or higher, functionality.Assist in the determination of cost constraints and design of the software.Software developers are increasingly becoming recognized as one of the more important and even powerful people in an organization. The current pace of advancement in technology is largely responsible for this.Bur organizations are also becoming more circumspect when hiring software developers. You have to be more than good; you have to be great at what you do if you want your skills as a software developer to be recognized, and for you to be hired by the right people.Wanna know how to become a kick-ass developer? Read through those slides and get the answers.[slideshare id=16353203doc=howtodokick-asssoftwaredevelopment-130204233801-phpapp02w=640h=330]TIPS ON BECOMING A GREAT SOFTWARE DEVELOPERWhen organizations look for software developers to join their company or to work on specific projects, you would think that they would zero in on the credentials of the potential developers. This includes looking into their educational background, their work experience, and even what other previous employers or companies who have worked with the developer have to say about them.But that’s not all. The best gauges for the effectiveness of a software developer are the software or systems they have developed. These outputs speak for themselves, serving as good indicators on whether the software developer is good, or they should look for someone else.Several articles have been written on the topic on how to become good at software development. Let us take a look at some of the helpful tips that can actually help you become one.A. Master Function NamingBeing a software developer, it is a given that you must be more than knowledgeable about programming. You must have all the basics down, and one of them is Function Naming.“Names” are said to be the “boundary conditions” on a code. Computing essentially involves thousands of functions and, naturally, these functions require a name. Stephen Wolfram  described function naming as an art â€" a “strange and difficult” one. The purpose of naming functions is so that you can immediately tell what the function is meant for once you’ve read the words used.There are many programmers who do not enjoy this task, mainly because they think it is difficult. It does take some practice, but the important point that one must remember when coming up with these names is to make sure that they know exactly and clearly what the function does. From there, it would be easier for them to choose names to assign.Take, for example, the functions process_image or process_text. Do you know what will happen to the text or the image when it used the word ‘process’?Compare it with the function named as safe_convert_to_html. Between the two, the function with the more proper name was the second one, since you, as the one seeing the words used in the function name, can get a better idea what the function is.What does poor function naming result to? For starters, there is ambiguity. The function name would be so unclear that even you, the one who wrote the code, may have a hard time remembering what it was supposed to do. Poor naming of functions is also likely to end up into bugs and sloppy contracts.B. Know How to Recognize Bad Code From the OutsetIf you hope to develop very good and excellent codes, you must be able to distinguish the good ones from the bad ones. Not only that, you must also know how to detect bad code immediately. Software developers all too often focus on learning about good code. They are fixated on what good code looks like so they can focus on it alone.But knowing how to detect bad code is also one of the best ways for you to make your code better. It is common sense, really: you know what is bad and so you know what must be improved. Then you can move on to figuring out how to improve it. Do not just focus on the beauty of the code, because by recognizing the ugly and unattractive parts, you will be able to find ways to make it more beautiful.Granted, it may take a while for software developers to develop a keen sense of sight for bad code â€" and sense of smell for “smelly” code â€" but there is nothing wrong with starting early. If it makes you feel better, even programmers who have been writing codes for years and years fail to recognize that their code is bad, or could be better.C. Write Codes that Others Can ReadThere is no point writing codes that will only end up unused or unimplemente d for the simple reason that no one else but you can read, much less understand them.A software developer may be the only one to write the code, but it will be read many times over by others and, most likely, will also be edited. Now this cannot happen if you wrote it in such a way that others cannot understand. Consider the fact that you will not be there forever to keep the code going, or keep it usable for a long time, even after you have moved on to another coding job. By making it readable, you are ensuring that it will still be usable for a long time in the future.D. Spend Money on “What You  Need” More Than on “What You Want”It is so easy for a programmer to cram as many “shiny” as he could to a system or software he is developing, especially if there is no budget limitation.The important point here is to pay attention to features’ lifetime cost instead of their implementation cost. Often, programmers want to make use of these “toys”, regardless of their app licability in the future, thinking that the ones who will take over after them will have to deal with consequences, if any.A great software developer is mindful of this. He focuses first on building the features that are needed, and these features are chosen after careful and thorough consideration. The costs should first be appropriated for what’s important, before they are used on add-ons that are not really all that necessary.E. Check and Recheck Your Code, and Fix itSoftware developers who are good often know that they are good, so they tend to adapt an attitude of complacency about it. They wrote the code, they know it’s good, so once it’s done, they are also completely done with it.A great software developer takes the time out to check and re-check their code. Even the best programmer makes mistakes, and it is a sign of a great one to be able to acknowledge that he, too, may commit these mistakes.Do not limit yourself to the requisite testing stage to make sure that the code works. It also falls upon you to see whether it works or not because, if it doesn’t, the responsibility of fixing it will still fall on your shoulders. You created the code, so you are the one who is supposed to fix it when it has problems. It’s not the job of the testers or the members of your team; it is yours.F. Document Your Progress. All of it.Some programmers find documentation a little too tedious. They are supposed to write codes, not narratives.But documentation is not solely about writing lengthy reports or narratives. There are now many ways for a software developer to write down all the things that he has done and share them with the members of the team. It is your obligation to make sure that all the team members are aware of the steps that you have taken when developing the software: the architectural approach you chose to go about it, as well as the discoveries and new information you have learned during the entire process.Not only will this keep them in the loop, it will also be helpful for future references. Say, for example, that you encountered a few snags with a specific code, and you managed to find a way around it and even fix it to make it better or more functional. By documenting it and sharing it to the team, they will be better prepared and equipped to handle the situation should they find themselves in a similar position that you were in. Remember, forewarned is forearmed. You will also be doing the organization a favor, because it will cut down on time and resources when they already know what to do to deal with a specific situation when it arises.Read more on the best practices for documenting software code.[slideshare id=49424140doc=documentationmotivation4cognisefinal9-150615195600-lva1-app6891w=640h=330]G. Create a Strong and Solid TeamThis entails choosing the right people to be part of the team and making sure that they work together to come up with very good outputs while learning from each other. This is where the d ocumentation mentioned in the previous tip comes in handy.Being a team means working as a cohesive unit, learning from each other and giving each other encouragement to become better programmers and developers. A great software developer is one who is able to lead these teams and help them improve â€" both as a team and as individual developers.Remember that being great is not a quest that can be done on your own. You may have all the skills and technical know-how, but you will still need the help of others in your coding or programming efforts.H. Make Your Fixes Long-TermFix, do not troubleshoot. Give a long-term solution instead of a one-time or short-time reprieve. It is a sign of selfishness if you only come up with a fix that will serve for a short period when you can implement changes that can provide a long-term solution and thereby save the organization costs.This is an attitude adapted by some software developers once they are done with a coding project. They think that, si nce they are done with it, they are no longer obliged to give 100% of their attention to it. In the event that they have left the organization to seek greener pastures, they consider themselves completely separated from all that it represents, including the software they have developed. This is the reason why some developers only provide short-term fixes: they already know that they won’t be with the company forever, anyway, so why bother?Great software developers should not think this way. While they are with the company, and are working on the project, they should do everything with a long-term perspective, including fixes and repairs.I. Keep Things SimpleSimplicity is one key feature that many end users look for in software and applications. True, they may be duly impressed by a lot of flash and complicated features, but they are more likely to backtrack and still go for the one they find simple and easy to understand and use.This is a problem with most software developers. In their desire to show how good they are at what they do, they end up making things complicated. There is a difference between a complex system and a complicated software; a software may introduce a complex system, but is still fairly easy to grasp and simple to use, whereas a complicated one is simply, well, difficult to follow, much less understand.What great software developers do is come up with software that, at first, may seem unremarkable and even downright unappealing, but has functionality at least. They keep on working on it, “pounding it into shape”, until it goes back to its simplest form which, more often than not, ends up becoming the final output.After all that, there is one important tip on how you can become a great software developer, and it doesn’t have a lot to do with your technical skills or know-how. It has to do with your attitude.Be patient and persistent in your approach to software development. You have probably come across one or two software develope rs whom you thought was truly gifted and highly skilled. They know coding inside out, and can complete their work in half the time that others take. However, they are not what you’d call great. Or, on the other end of the spectrum, you saw a software developer whom you thought was mediocre at first, but went on to create excellent software that is much appreciated and used by many. Most likely, the difference lies in their approach or attitude to their work. Software developer also takes a lot of heart and determination, and that is, most probably, where the scales were tipped.Finally, keep in mind that software development is a process, and often a lengthy one, at that. It takes a lot of work, work that is mostly bypassed by many developers because they want to beat a deadline, or they are simply willing to settle on something ‘fairly good’ instead of working further on it to come up with something ‘extremely great’ or even ‘spectacular’. The great software developers are the hardest of workers, and if you want to join their ranks, you should be willing to work, and work long and hard.

Mexican Drug War The United States And Mexico - 1055 Words

A Narco History: How the United States and Mexico Created the â€Å"Mexican Drug War† analyzes Mexico’s modern history and how the country has seen a dramatic rise of drugs and consequently an increase in the number of people associated with drug cartels and also fighting between drug organizations resulting in bloodbaths all around Mexico. The Mexican government has declared a war on drugs, this period has seen the deaths of thousands of people that has put the country in a crisis state. Mexico s drug world has been greatly influenced by the United States, primarily due to sharing a bored but also people in the United States depend on the drugs from Mexico. The factor of close proximity between the United States and Mexico, these countries interact for numerous issues. On the issue of drugs, the United States has greatly influenced how Mexico should handle it. The creation of prohibition sets the foundations for the drug war we see ravaging the Mexican people today. The state that Mexico finds itself today has origins to the start of prohibition in the United States in the early 1900s.When the United States starting passing laws against the use of narcotics like opium and cocaine, and underground market opened and demand caused sellers to look south of the border. When the drugs started to appear on the black market, the prices rose dramatically, gaining the attention of traffickers. The climate in Mexico was ideal for growing these drugs and transportation to theShow MoreRelatedDrugs Inc1667 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Illegal drugs are no longer just a domestic problem. The drug trade business is a multibillion dollar enterprise that is run by international criminals. The drug lords behind these operations, non-nation-state actors, have become more powerful than the nation-states in their respective regions. 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Drug cartels have become comparable to Mafia figures, and have resorted to Mafia-style violence to prove to the Mexican government that they remain in control. The violence caused by drug cartels is rumored to lead Mexico to become a failed state. George W. Grayson, regular lecturer at the United States Department of StateRead MoreThe United Statesstrategy For Co mbating Drug Trafficking Across Their Shared Border1521 Words   |  7 PagesSince 2008, the United States and Mexico have worked collaboratively to combat drug trafficking across their shared border. The State Department’s current position on the situation is to to support continued cooperation with Mexico and collaborate on strategies to increase security and create policy measures that strengthen the rule of law. The State Department divides the United States’ strategy for combatting drug trafficking into four strategies: targeting cartels and their operations, aiding

Analysis Of The House On Mango Street, Cathy Queen Of...

In the vignettes â€Å"The House on Mango Street,† â€Å"Cathy Queen of Cats,† and â€Å"A Rice Sandwich,† Sandra Cisneros is trying to portray that socioeconomic classes impact an individual s self-confidence. These three stories tie together an underlying principle about someone s outlook and perspective on their lives based on their living situation. The mix of the characters initial low esteem and the opinions of others upon their socio-economic class the reader can see the effect towards self-confidence. This theme is first introduced to readers through the life of Esperanza. Esperanza speaks her life at home. She mentions that her family moves around each year for various reasons including her parent s inability to pay for rent. She moves into†¦show more content†¦In the vignette â€Å"Cathy Queen of Cats,† the reader is introduced to one of Esperanza s neighbors, Cathy. She is described as a crazy cat lady who is undeservingly living in a low-income region. The socio-economic class that both Cathy and Esperanza are located within impact their confidences and mental health in two different ways. Cathy seems to be obsessed with the idea that she is a distant relative of French royalty. She speaks about living affluently as if she belongs there, but is trapped in a life of less fortune. She expresses this thought to Esperanza who does not understand the background behind this dream of hers. Esperanza describes how â€Å"Cathy’s father will have to fly to France one day and find her great great distant grand cousin on her father s side and inherit the family house† (13). In Cathy’s case, her current socio-economic class is temporary and the obsession with living luxuriously causes her to have a boost of self-confidence that makes her seem conceited. Socioeconomic classes impact Cathy’s self-confidence in a different type of negative way, instead of making her feel secure where she is, it makes her feel like she is better than the other members of her community since she may have wealthy relatives. This idea of overconfidence is expressed by Cathy when she says she will â€Å"just

Experts need to slow down the rate of global warming Free Essays

Experts around the world have been warning about this for decades and have been urging governments to do more to slow down the rate of global warming. They warn that there is a 75% risk that global temperatures will rise a further two to three degrees in the next 50 years. The consequence of this would be dramatic. We will write a custom essay sample on Experts need to slow down the rate of global warming or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact a rise of just one degree would melt the Greenland ice sheet and drown the Maldives, but a three degree increase would kill the Amazon rainforest, wipe out nearly half of all species facing extinction and wreak havoc with crop yields due to weather changes. Whilst the global climate goes through hot and cold cycles, what is worrying about the current phase is the pace of change that could send us head first into a final spin. Although we have certainly benefited from technological advancements that have given us plastics, air travel and cheap food – what is important is to maintain a balance so that excessive consumerism does not ride roughshod over nature’s harmony. In Islam man is given the role of trusteeship over the earth, which is a huge responsibility. In the past, man had to be careful how he treated his local environment since excessive grazing or agriculture could bring ruin to his livelihood. His knowledge was also limited but in the event of a disaster either through ignorance or abuse at least he could resort to moving elsewhere and start again. Now we should have no excuse for ignorance and we should have learnt from our past to avoid misuse. But what is worrying is that the impacts of our behaviour are not just local anymore, they are global. If we fail to act in a responsible manner then we cannot simply relocate because there will be nowhere to go. It is therefore vital that as producers, manufacturers and consumers, we ensure that we give due consideration to the impact of our actions. Such a responsibility is not just that of the east or the west but a responsibility for all of us. Islam teaches us that God has continued and will continue to provide us with ample resources for all time. But through man’s misuse, this balance may change. It is this personal greed of man that makes them squander these resources and deprive others who may need those resources. The Holy Quran warns mankind in Chapter 7, verse 32 â€Å"O children of Adam!†¦ eat and drink but exceed not the bounds; surely He does not love those who exceed the bounds† The overall message of Islam is that it promotes harmony by advising moderation. It accepts that we need to use resources for our progress but this should be done wisely and in a sustainable manner, so that a satisfactory medium is found. The Holy Quran relates in Chapter 25, verse 68 â€Å"those who, when they spend are neither extravagant nor niggardly but moderate between the two. So as individuals we should act on the Quranic injunction that promotes balance and avoids excess and Nations need to be more willing to share knowledge for the sake of the planet rather than for profit and take collective action in line with their collective responsibility. By doing so we will be able to win the pleasure of God and honour our trusteeship of the earth for the present and future generations How to cite Experts need to slow down the rate of global warming, Papers

Kozols Amazing Grace Trials And Tribulations Of E Essay Example For Students

Kozols Amazing Grace: Trials And Tribulations Of E Essay veryday LifeKozols Amazing Grace: Trials and Tribulations of Everyday LifeIntroductionJonathan Kozols Amazing Grace is a book about the trials andtribulations of everyday life for a group of children who live in the poorestcongressional district of the United States, the South Bronx. Their lives mayseem extraordinary to us, but to them, they are just as normal as everyone else. What is normal? For the children of the South Bronx, living with the pollution,the sickness, the drugs, and the violence is the only way of life many of themhave ever known. In this book, the children speak openly and honestly about feeling abandoned, hidden or forgotten by our nation, one that is blind to theirproblems. Studying the people themselves would only get us so far inunderstanding what their community is really like and why they feel this way. Jonathan Kozol really got to know the people individually. We can take hisknowledge and stories to try for a better understanding of the environment inwhich they live. By doing this, we can explore the many reasons why the peoplehave problems, what some levels of intervention could be, and possibly find somesolutions to making the South Bronx a healthier and safer place for thesechildren and others to live. Problem IdentificationThe environment in which we study these people can only be defined byfirst taking a look at possible reasons why the people have problems. Some ofthe problems discussed in Amazing Grace have festered throughout the UnitedStates for some time now. The high numbers of drug users in the community, thehigh amounts of gang-related violence, and the numerous cases of people who havecontracted the AIDS virus are just some of the problems that have arisen in thisghetto. There are many differences between this community and others in theUnited States, one of which is that the government has grouped these people alltogether and made a ghetto of the lowest income families. This has ostracizedthem from the rest of the nation. It has given them many abandonment issues todeal with, while also telling them they are not worthy of living among thewealthier population. Environmental factors are involved in the problems arising in the SouthBronx. Pollution, for example, could be the biggest source of the high numberof children in the community who have asthma. Asthma is a condition in whichone has trouble breathing. Without clean air, breathing for an asthmatic isalmost impossible. A waste burner in the middle of the South Bronx causes a lotof pollution and makes the air the people breath, below safe levels ofcleanliness. Another environmental factor that affects the residents healthshas to do with how most of the buildings in these neighborhoods are run down andinfested with rats. Many of the buildings have no working elevators. Thiscauses people to have to walk several flights of stairs each time they want toleave their apartments. This is very time consuming and tiresome. Then, whenthey find that there is so much violence and drugs in the street, that it is notsafe to be out there anyway, they usually end up staying in their apartments formost of their free time. The cultural differences between these people and others of higherincome communities is also a reason why they may have problems. Racism is veryobvious to the people of the South Bronx, especially when they go outside oftheir district. If a woman from this area goes to a hospital outside of herdistrict, a hospital that is more than likely wealthier and cleaner, she isusually turned away and told to go to a hospital in her own district. Others,who are admitted into these hospitals, are put on a special floor, mainly forthe lower income or Medicaid patients. (Amazing Grace, p. 176)Another way the government discriminates against them is how they arehoused. Most of the residents are living in government housing where thegovernment pays their rent. When the government helped the people to get offthe streets and out of homeless shelters and then put them into low cost housing,they put all of the residents in the same area. This created their ghetto andkept them segregated from the rest of the world. Peer Pressure EssayThe problems of the South Bronx are not with the individuals themselves, butrather community organizational problems. Changing the social policy of thecommunity is of utter importance in making it a better place to live. The normsfor the people in these neighborhoods have gotten to be that of violence anddrugs. These are not healthy norms. To change them, the communities could usemore education on social issues in the schools and communities to help thepeople learn to live healthier lifestyles, to get the word out that violence anddisruptance are not all right, and to help the people obtain some communityunity. Getting some of the well known community members involved in politics isanother way they could get their voices heard and let the government know theirneeds and desires. Support groups held for people with AIDS, for people whohave lost loved ones, and also for people who just need a place to talk abouttheir emotions and get their frustrations out, would he lp the community as awhole and get more people involved in the healing process of that community. Ifthe people in the South Bronx would act as a community bound together to helpthemselves and each other, there would be less tolerance for deviant behavioramong its members. Then the ones who act defiantly could be out-numbered, andthe good citizens of the South Bronx could reclaim their homes and their lives.

Nanotechnology Essays - Emerging Technologies, Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology Curtis Shephard Nanotechnology: Immortality or total annihilation? Technology has evolved from ideals once seen as unbelievable to common everyday instruments. Computers that used to occupy an entire room are now the size of notebooks. The human race has always pushed for technological advances working at the most efficient level, perhaps, the molecular level. The developments and progress in artificial intelligence and molecular technology have spawned a new form of technology; Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology could give the human race eternal life, or it could cause total annihilation. The idea of nanotech was conceived by a man named K. Eric Drexler (Stix 94), which he defines as "Technology based on the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules to build structures to complex atomic specifications (Drexler, "Engines" 288)." The technology which Drexler speaks of will be undoubtedly small, in fact, nano- structures will only measure 100 nanometers, or a billionth of a meter (Stix 94). Being as small as they are, nanostructures require fine particles that can only be seen with the STM, or Scanning Tunneling Microscope (Dowie 4). Moreover the STM allows the scientists to not only see things at the molecular level, but it can pick up and move atoms as well (Port 128). Unfortunately the one device that is giving nanoscientists something to work with is also one of the many obstacles restricting the development of nanotech. The STM has been regarded as too big to ever produce nanotech structures (Port 128). Other scientists have stated that the manipulation of atoms, which nanotech relies on, ignores atomic reality. Atoms simply don't fit together in ways which nanotech intends to use them (Garfinkel 105). The problems plaguing the progress of nanotech has raised many questions among the scientific community concerning it's validity. The moving of atoms, the gathering of information, the restrictions of the STM, all restrict nanotech progress. And until these questions are answered, nanotech is regarded as silly (Stix 98). But the nanotech optimists are still out there. They contend that the progress made by a team at IBM who was able to write letters and draw pictures atom by atom actually began the birth of nanotech (Darling 49). These same people answer the scientific questions by replying that a breakthrough is not needed, rather the science gained must be applied (DuCharme 33). In fact, Drexler argues that the machines exist, trends are simply working on building better ones ("Unbounding" 24). Drexler continues by stating that the machines he spoke about in "Engines of Creation" published in 1986 should be developed early in the 21st century ("Unbounding" 116). However many scientists still argue that because nanotech has produced absolutely nothing physical, it should be regarded as science fiction (Garfinkel 111). Secondly, nano-doubters rely on scientific fact to condemn nanotech. For example it is argued that we are very far away from ever seeing nanotech due to the fact that when atoms get warm they have a tendency to bounce around. As a result the bouncing atoms collide with other materials and mess up the entire structure (Davidson A1). Taken in hand with the movement of electron charges, many regard nanotech as impossible (Garfinkel 106). But this is not the entirety of the obstacles confining nanotech development. One major set-back is the fact that the nanostructures are too small to reflect light in a visible way, making them practically invisible (Garfinkel 104). Nevertheless, Nanotech engineers remain hopeful and argue that; "With adequate funding, researchers will soon be able to custom build simple molecules that can store and process information and manipulate or fabricate other molecules, including more of themselves. This may occur before the turn of the century."(Roland 30) There are other developments also, that are pushing nanotech in the right direction for as Lipkin pointed out recent developments have lead to possibilities of computers thinking in 3-D (5). Which is a big step towards the processing of information that nanotech requires. Although there are still unanswered questions from some of the scientific community, researchers believe that they are moving forward and will one day be able to produce nanomachines. One such machine is regarded as a replicator. A replicator, as it's name implies, will replicate; much like the way in which

Frued essays

Frued essays Known as the "father of psychology," Freud developed many of the first theories of modern physiology. His ideas and concepts will continue to be studied through the years. He put forth many new concepts about sexuality, consciousness, unconsciousness and instincts. He spent his whole life devoted to discovering the secrets of the human nature. Personally I think this guy was weird. Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiburg. The town of Freiburg later became Pribor and was eventually absorbed into the modern state of Czechoslovakia. Freuds father, name Jakob Freud was a Jewish wool merchant. Freuds mother Amalie Nathanson was from Galicia. She was Jakobs second wife. Sigmund had eight brothers and sisters in all. Two of which were from Jakobs first marriage. The other six were from Amelia. His first influences to science were when he heard lectures on Goethe. In 1873 he applied to the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Vienna, here was where he changed his name from Sigismund to Sigmund. He earned is doctorate in medicine and worked as a research assistant under Ernst Von Brucke, as a neurologist. In 1882, Freud became interested in the effects and benefits of cocaine. He spent long hours recording the effects they had on his body. These studies hurt his status as a scientist because other scientists already documented the harmful effect s cocaine has on the body. In 1886 Freud started his first office of neurology in Vienna. That same year he married Martha Bernays. This marriage produced six children named Mathilde, Martin, Oliver, Ernst, Sophia and Anna. Also around that time in 1885 he produced his studies on hysteria. In 1900 Freud published his first book called the Interpretation of Dreams, which made him famous. The next year he published Psycho Pathology of Everyday Life. Also in 1901 he became an associate professor of the Faculty of Medicine ...

SERVICES MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SERVICES MARKETING - Essay Example At this time also, they have incorporated the business, and gave the store a name. They decided on the bee as it symbolizes a busy creature and added jolly because owner said they are always happy people. So the name Jollibee was born. The owner of the company, Mr. Tony Tan Caktiong, always believed in giving added value to their customers. He wanted to satisfy the customers always, so in serving ice cream, he saw to it that it was served in big bowls and that it should be overflowing with ice cream. Jollibee has been considered by the Far Eastern Review in 2003 as the Best Company in the Philippines. It has reached the system wide sales of P28.8 billion and a net income rising to 20.8 percent in 2003. Jollibee remained settled and was not threatened with the coming of MacDonalds in 1982. MacDonalds is known in the US, and it is an entirely new concept in the Philippines. The burger houses that they established were big and attractive. The introduction of new products and recipes were simple in the beginning. The members of the family just sat down and discuss. The Caktiong family members are good cooks, their father was a chef and their mother was a good cook. The spaghetti is a recipe of Tony’ s sister who experimented on it, and then started serving the dish on the store. The fried chicken recipe was likewise an experiment of mix that the family tried. There was no formal structure and yet customers came in with their families to line up in the store, whether it is for a sit-down or take out food. Filipinos have an inherent love for sweet tasting good food. According to Mr. Caktiong, a lot of their consultants were amazed with the sweet side food preference of Filipinos. Aside from taste, Filipinos are attracted to the smell of food. Filipinos believed that if it smells good – it will taste good. Jollibee today. The set up is different today, as

Ethics Programme business law class Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics Programme business law class - Assignment Example Strategic operations in an organisation that are premised on lies are bound to fail as they would be doubtful in the eyes of the potential customers. In this case it can be noted that Google has a code of ethics which guides its operations as going to be discussed below. For instance, it is guided by the motto: â€Å"Don’t be evil.† The most important issues addressed include the need for integrity, respect for each other, confidentiality as well avoiding conflicts. Google strives to create a good reputation so as to ensure that the customers have trust in them. Trust is the guiding principle in the operations of Google. The other most important factor is respect for each other so as to avoid conflicts at the work place. Confidentiality is very important as far as reputation of the organisation is concerned. There is need to ensure that privacy is respected which is very important in the code of ethics for Google. The Board of directors is on the top position in the organisation and is responsible for enacting the ethical code of conduct. The board communicates with the management about the ethical conduct that ought to be followed. The management is in direct conduct with the workers and these in turn also communicate with them the expected code of conduct to be followed. Google has an open communication system but as far a communication of ethics is concerned, it follows a descending order from top to bottom. The board as noted already has the overall authority to administer the code of ethics in the organisation. The management is used to enforce the code of ethics since they are the ones who closely work with the workers hence it becomes easy to enforce the code. The first scenario in which the code of ethics can be applied involve dismissal of employees who fail to observe the privacy policy of the organisation. Drunkenness at work or any other kind of misbehaviour is not

Aspergers syndrome: definition, assessment, therapeutic intervention

Aspergers syndrome: definition, assessment, therapeutic intervention Introduction This essay focuses on Aspergers syndrome. This special educational need was chosen because I have a personal interest in this condition. The essay looks in detail at how Aspergers syndrome is defined and how Aspergers syndrome is assessed and diagnosed. The essay then moves on to discuss the various therapeutic interventions for Aspergers syndrome and what teaching approaches are appropriate for children presenting with this condition. The different theoretical perspectives from which Aspergers syndrome can be understood are then discussed, namely the medical model, the social model and Bronfenbrenners ecological model. What is Aspergers syndrome? According to Klin et al. (1995), Asergers syndrome is a severe developmental disorder characterized by major difficulties in social interaction and restricted and unusual patterns of interest and behaviour. There are many similarities with autism and there is still discussion as to whether Aspergers syndrome and autism are actually different conditions (Klin et al., 1995). As Klin et al. (1995) highlight, however, the APA made Aspergers syndrome officially a separate diagnosis following the results of a field trial, which revealed that Aspergers syndrome does have different diagnostic criteria to autism. Other definitions of Aspergers syndrome differ from these definitions, with the American Psychiatric Association, via their Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV, defining a diagnosis of Aspergers syndrome as, requiring four of five listed criteria be present, including at least two indicatros of a qualitative disability in social interaction (e.g., serious impairments in peer relationships, social reciprocity, nonverbal behaviours, empathy) and at least one in the category of restricted behaviours or rituals (e.g., rigid adherence to rules or routines, preoccupation with a narrow interest, parts or objects, repetitive motor movements) (Safran, 2002). Medicine.Net defines Aspergers syndrome as an autistic disorder most notable for the often great discrepancy between the intellectual and social abilities of those who have it (Medicine.Net, 2010). The Autism Society of America defines Aspergers syndrome as, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦high functioning autism with no speech delay (Aut ism Society of America, 2010). It is clear, therefore, that there are a variety of definitions of Aspergers syndrome, with this confusion arising as a result of the difficulty in diagnosing Aspergers syndrome, as will be discussed later in the essay. In terms of the clinical features of Aspergers syndrome, a paucity of empathy is usually noted, as is naÃÆ' ¯ve, inappropriate and one-sided social interactions with pedantic and monotonic speech (Klin et al., 1995). In addition, poor non-verbal communication and intense absorption in specific topics and clumsy and/or ill-coordinated movements all help to identify children with Aspergers syndrome (Klin et al., 1995). It is noted that the onset of the condition occurs later than the onset of autism with children living with Aspergers syndrome having a normal range of intelligence (Klin et al., 1995). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV) provides the following, more detailed, diagnostic criteria, qualitative impairment in social interactionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(and)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, interests and activities manifested by either encompassing preoccupation, apparently inflexible adherence, stereotyped and repetitive mannerisms or persistent preoccupation with parts of objects with these guidelines recommending that Aspergers syndrome be diagnosed where all other conditions have been excluded (Klin et al., 1995). It is noted that children living with Aspergers syndrome have no delay in their acquisition or use of language and that the disturbances the syndrome cause can cause major clinical impairments, such as socially, occupationally or in other areas of functioning (Klin et al., 1995). Assessment of Aspergers syndrome Assessment of Aspergers syndrome, particularly in children, is difficult as there is a paucity of diagnostic instruments and no standardization amongst the diagnostic tools that do exist (Howlin, 2000a). The problems of differentiating Aspergers syndrome from autism, particularly in the ICD-10 and DSM-IV systems, is also a complicating factor in the assessment of Aspergers syndrome: as Howlin (2000a) argues, attempting to develop diagnostic tools in the absence of any clear definition of Aspergers syndrome is attempting to put the horse before the cart (Howlin, 2000a). As Klin et al. (1995) argue, the lack of awareness of professionals of the condition can also make diagnosis difficult, with a comprehensive assessment of children suspected of having Aspergers syndrome needing to include the patients medical history, a psychological assessment, communication and psychiatric assessments, parental conferences and further consultation, if necessary. The initial stage of any assessment is to take a careful medical history, including all information relating to the childs development, from pregnancy to the present; next, a psychological assessment would be undertaken which would aim at establishing the childs level of emotional functioning, their strengths and weaknesses and their preferred style of learning (Klin et al., 1995). Next, communication and psychiatric examinations would be taken, which would collect both quantitative and qualitative information about the childs willingness and ability to communicate and their psychiatric status. One complication with diagnosing Aspergers syndrome is that many of the clinical manifestations of this condition are similar to those manifested by autistic children (Bishop, 1989). As argued by Wing (1988), because the diagnosis of autism is so difficult, as autism appears to present as a continuum of symptoms, with no clear boundaries, this has further complicated the diagnosis of Aspergers syndrome. As Wing (1988) discusses, the only clear diagnostic tool for diagnosing some form of autistic disorder is the presence of social impairment; the degree of social impairment, coupled with other symptoms, can then lead to the diagnosis of other forms of developmental disorder, such as Aspergers syndrome or semantic-pragmatic disorder (Bishop, 1989). Placing children along the autistic continuum, with autism being divided along two main axes of interests and social relationships and meaningful verbal communication, can thus help to diagnose the three different conditions (Semantic-pragma tic disorder, Aspergers syndrome or autism), with children diagnosed with autism being classed as more abnormal along these axes and children diagnosed with Aspergers syndrome being classed as abnormal along the interests and social relationships axis and normal along the meaningful verbal communication axis (Bishop, 1989). Yet, this does not stop researchers attempting to produce an assessment tool for the clinical diagnosis of Aspergers syndrome. Scott et al. (2002), for example, report the development of the CAST (Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test), which they designed to be able to screen children for Aspergers syndrome. The test is suitable for 4-11 year old children and was tested on 37 children with typical development and similar numbers of children with suspected Aspergers syndrome, with the finding that the tool detected significant differences between the sample means of normal children and those children living with Aspergers syndrome (Scott et al., 2002). It was concluded, therefore, that the CAST is a useful tool for the clinical diagnosis of Aspergers syndrome or to identify those children at risk of Aspergers syndrome and related conditions. As has been argued, however, the validity of this test is questionable, given the lack of a clear definition for Aspergers syndrome. Therapeutic interventions As highlighted in Klin et al. (1995), the treatment of Aspergers syndrome is, essentially, to provide support to the child in the event of any distress. There have been suggestions that behavioural coaching and supportive psychotherapy, can have some degree of positive effect on children with this condition although this has yet to be tested rigorously (Klin et al., 1995). As Weiss (2005) argues, however, no therapeutic interventions have been shown to be completely successful in treating the negative manifestations of Aspergers syndrome. Jacobsen (2004), however, makes a case for the use of individual psychotherapy and case management for children with Aspergers syndrome, as the therapeutic relationship can become an important source of support and routine for these children. As the mind of an individual with Aspergers syndrome is different to the mind of someone who does not live with this condition, it is important to consider theories of mind in the evaluation of the therapeutic needs of children living with this condition. Various tests, such as false belief tests, for example, have suggested that children with autism have an impaired theory of mind, with Baron-Cohen (2001) relating how theory of mind refers to the ability to reflect on ones own and others minds with children living with conditions along the autism spectrum having difficulty in understanding other peoples minds. As Baron-Cohen (2001) argues, much of the basic research in this field, on functional brain neuroimaging, for example, may have clinical applications in the areas ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦early intervention or early diagnosis. As Gevers et al. (2006) report, a social cognition programme based around this lack of a theory of mind had some success in dealing with children with pervasive development disorders including Aspergers syndrome, with this treatment intervention significantly raising consciousness of the feelings of others in those children who were assigned to this arm of the trial. This article gives hope to those parents of children with Aspergers syndrome, and to those adults living with Aspergers syndrome, that some therapeutic intervention may result from Baron-Cohens work and allow them to live a full life, free of the problems that Aspergers syndrome brings to them. Theoretical perspectives on Aspergers syndrome This section will discuss three main theoretical perspectives that are used/can be used to define Aspergers syndrome, namely the social model, the medical model and Bronfenbrenners ecological model. As Bricout et al. (2004) argues, children who live with disabilities, and also their families and social workers, face complex social and institutional environments in their quest for developmental, educational and daily living supports. Models of disabilities can provide conceptual frameworks with which to understand their disability and can inform the decision-making processes of parents and social workers (Bricout et al., 2004). The medical model, for example, focuses on individual deficits whereas the social model focuses on disabling social environments (Bricout et al., 2004). These models will all affect how the disabled child is understood and treated, as such models dictate how society views people with disabilities. The social model of disability, for example, views the disabled individual in terms of their differences, with disability meaning that the individual is restricted somehow with the term disability being a social construct that exists as a result of peoples reactions to the disabled and the shared meanings that surround this category of individuals within society (British Council of Disabled People, 1981). Society as a whole decides whether the impairments held by an individual leads them to be labeled disabled, with a label of disabled meaning certain discrimination via the imposition of barriers which will limit the abilities of these individuals to participate in society. For individuals with Aspergers syndrome, which challenges their ability to concentrate and to interact normally with other children, the social model of disability labels them as disabled in terms of their ability to be educated, meaning that they will usually be placed in a special educational needs situation. Th is is intended to ensure that their special needs can be catered for, yet placing children in special educational needs contexts can often doom children to a life of poor educational achievement, as it is known that disabled children placed in special educational needs contexts do less well academically than disabled children placed within the setting of a normal school (Reiser and Mason, 1990; Howlin, 2000b). Molloy and Vasil (2002) discuss whether Aspergers syndrome is a disorder or a neurological difference that has been socially constructed as a disorder, discussing how Aspergers syndrome is currently defined, in medical terms, as a developmental disorder. Yet, as Molloy and Vasil (2002) argue, the diagnostic criteria for Aspergers syndrome have been socially constructed, with Aspergers syndrome being readily accepted as a diagnosis for the problems that the children diagnosed with this condition face, as a way of being able to deal with these children under the umbrella of special educational needs. As such, it is educators, argue Molloy and Vasil (2002) that are mainly responsible for this social construction of Aspergers syndrome, with schools viewing this condition as a social disability and, this, being able to categorize the children with the condition and to give credence to their treatment of these children as needing to rehabilitated or normalized, something that is not, neces sarily, in the childs best interests. As such, Molloy and Vasil (2002) argue, a shift really needs to be made towards an examination of the social implications of a diagnosis of Aspergers syndrome. Viewing children under the medical model, which labels children living with Aspergers syndrome as deficient in something is also unhelpful, Molloy and Vasil (2002) argue, as the child comes to be viewed only with that label and therefore suffers a loss of individuality and consequent lowered expectations. The medical model of disability does not, like the social model, implicate society in the understanding of a persons disability, but rather views the disability as a function of the medical deficits that individual has, meaning that, under this viewpoint, the individual, and their deficit, is the problem, and not society. Under the medical model, society only comes to view individuals as disabled as a result of the impairment/deficit that they have, with individuals with Aspergers syndrome being viewed as unable to communicate emotionally and/or socially and, as a function of this, being labeled as disabled. As society, and policies aimed at mainstreaming disabled people and providing them the opportunity to enter normally into society, has moved more towards a social model of disability, the opportunity has arisen for children with Aspergers syndrome to be mainstreamed and dealt with, in mainstream schools, as children with special educational needs. As Howlin (2000b) argues, in con tra to Molloy and Vasil (2002), this is the correct approach for the more able children with Aspergers syndrome as high-functioning individuals with Aspergers syndrome can, if supported, achieve excellent outcomes in education and in their lives. Bronfenbrenners ecological model can also be used to understand Aspergers syndrome, as this model approaches child development from a joint sociological and development psychology perspective, with the thesis that individuals and their environments are mutually shaping, that is that they both have an effect on each other and, through this, change each other (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). As Bronfenbrenner (1979) states, child development takes place through processesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the complex interaction between an active child and the persons, objects and symbol in its immediate environment, such that this model implies that a disability such as Aspergers syndrome is a result of a lack of environmental support, and that, as such, the negative manifestations of the disability can be smoothed by placing the child in a more appropriate environment. It is clear, then, that Aspergers sydrome can be understood, and represented, from a variety of theoretical perspectives, all of which affect the expectations placed on individuals living with Aspergers sydrome. As Howlin (2000b) argues, however, with the correct support, high-functioning individuals with Aspergers sydrome can go on to achieve great things in their lives. This finding by Howlin (2000b) ties in with the ecological model of Bronfenbrenner (1979), which suggests that the disabilities caused by living with Aspergers syndrome are superable, if only the child is placed in the correct environment. This point will be returned to in the discussion of teaching approaches. As Molloy and Vasil (2002) argue, defining Aspergers syndrome in terms of any one model is extremely problematic. It is clear that children living with Aspergers syndrome require more attention than normal children because they crave more attention and have difficulties respecting social norms, meaning that, in a school setting, their behaviour would be picked up upon and corrected, attracting more attention from teachers. Yet, whether this is a disability as understood by the medical model (i.e., an impairment or deficit) is a moot point, especially as children with Aspergers syndrome usually excel in other areas meaning that they do have the capacity to fit in to mainstream schooling and society, despite the fact, as Molloy and Vasil (2002) argue, labeling children as living with Aspergers syndrome automatically means that they will be labeled, also, as special needs children. As Molloy and Vasil (2002) argue, with adequate support, children living with Aspergers syndrome can excel in the areas that interest them and so, instead of these children being the failures for not fitting in to educational expectations, it is the education system that is failing these children. This becomes especially clear when it is recognized that some cases of Aspergers syndrome are only diagnosed when children enter the school system and are labeled problematic with referrals to psychologists then offering a diagnosis of Aspergers syndrome. As Molloy and Vail (2002) argue, the situational nature of disability is important in understanding the practical implications of a child living with symptoms that can be labeled as Aspergers syndrome. If, for example, a child living with Aspergers syndrome is obsessed with mechanics and finds a specialized tutor to teach them mechanic, this child would excel in this field, above and beyond any child in a mainstream school. There are, thus, arguments on both sides regarding how and where children with Aspergers syndrome should be educated. Children with Aspergers syndrome are individuals, with different individual needs and it is not helpful or ethical for these children to be grouped in to one terminology special educational needs as this does not provide enough individual support to these individuals in order to allow these individuals to excel (Howlin, 2000b). That these children have problems understanding, and mastering, social interactions should not, argue Molloy and Vasil ( 2002), be a reason for these children to be marginalized and for this marginalization to be justified on the grounds of either the medical or social models of disability. This is especially problematic given the fact that children living with Aspergers syndrome can have their social interactions facilitated by certain interventions. Teaching approaches There are, therefore, many practical implications for these differing theoretical perspectives on Aspergers sydrome, in terms of diagnosis, assessment and intervention. How and when children living with Aspergers syndrome are assessed to have this condition affects their education: as has been discussed, the situational nature of the diagnosis of Aspergers syndrome can affect, for example, how and where they are schooled. This, as shown by Howlin (2000b) can affect their life chances and outcomes, given that, in the right circumstances, with the right levels of support, individuals with Aspergers syndrome can achieve great things in their lives, often above and beyond normal individuals. The Who what how where when of diagnosis and schooling, beyond this diagnosis, thus has a major impact on the life chances, and outcomes, of children living with Aspergers syndrome. Each of these different theoretical perspectives provides different insights in to the most appropriate teaching approaches and teaching strategies for individuals with Aspergers syndrome. A whole range of options are available for education for children living with Aspergers syndrome, from whole class to differentiated teaching. A Safran (2002) argues, it is feasible that children living with Aspergers syndrome can be taught in mainstream schools, and indeed many are, as these children usually have an extremely high IQ, with this gift needing only to be directed, and chanelled, adequately whilst controlling for the other more negative aspects of the manifestations of their condition. Yet, under the different theoretical perspectives, different educational models would be recommended for children living with Aspergers syndrome. The medical model would, for example, seem to suggest that these children are somehow deficient, and would see their weaknesses and not their holistic perspec tive, failing to recognize their giftedness in other areas. The social model would, as has been seen, in the discussion of the work of Molloy and Vasil (2002), suggest that the diagnostic criteria for Aspergers syndrome have been socially constructed, with Aspergers syndrome being readily accepted as a diagnosis, as a way of being able to deal with these children under the umbrella of special educational needs. This, whilst not having the disadvantages that the perspective of the medical model presents, is itself problematic because, as has been seen, children living with Aspergers syndrome can often, aside from their behavioural problems, be extremely gifted academically. Gallagher and Gallagher (2002) argue that there is a case to be made that children living with Aspergers syndrome should be treated as gifted children, in terms of their education, given that many children living with Aspergers syndrome have extraordinary capacities in certain areas. As Bronfenbrenners (1979) ecological model suggests, if a child with Aspergers syndrome is placed in the right environment, they will flourish. It is clear, therefore, that this model differs in its applicability to, and approach towards, Aspergers syndrome, as something that can overcome, not as something that causes a permanent, insuperable, deficit in the child. As Jindal-Snape et al. (2005) argue, children with autistic spectrum conditions can be taught effectively, especially if Bronfenbrenners (1979) ecological model is implemented, with functional links being found between all parts of the childs ecosystem, i.e., the childs home environment, their school and the other agencies that help them deal with their condition. It has to be noted, however, that their inability to interact socially and their low tolerance for routine, however, makes it difficult, in practical terms, to see how children living with Aspergers syndrome could be educated alongside gifted children. Although, as Safran (2002) argues, if all school personnel are made aware of the childs condition and its manifestations, then it would be possible for certain children living with Aspergers syndrome to enter mainstream school with one-to-one help, from a classroom assistant, for example, who would be there to help them with their behavioural difficulties. Interventions as simple as arranging the seating in the classroom to ensure that the child with Aspergers syndrome is not sitting next to children who will aggravate them has been shown to be effective in managing the manifestations of the condition, allowing these children to be schooled in a mainstream setting (Safran, 2002). It is my personal opinion, from my personal perspective, that certain children living with Aspergers syndrome are well suited to a mainstream classroom setting, although this is said with caution, as these children can take a lot of the teachers time, if they are not assisted, leaving little time for the other members of the class. As to whether mainstreaming special educational needs children is fair to the mainstream children is the topic of a whole other essay, but it is my experience that, indeed, as Safran (2002), Howlin (2000b) and Gallagher and Gallagher (2002) argue, certain children with Aspergers syndrome are academically excellent and, as such, should be given a chance at achieving great outcomes in their lives. As Safran (2002) states, people with Aspergers syndrome are often creative, highly intelligent, mathematically or scientifically astuteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(and)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦have the potential for momentous contributions to out society. As such, it should be the place of mainstream education to find a place for these children; indeed, as Safran (2002) reports, children with Aspergers syndrome can often see great improvements in their condition as a result of interacting with other children in mainstream school. This is certainly my experience, as I have had students with Aspergers syndrome in my classroom whose confidence has soared as a result of making friendships and being involved in events and activities that captured their interest. Many of their parents expressed their thanks that their children had been engaged in such a manner whilst at school. I have also known many parents of children with Aspergers syndrome who have not had such positive experiences of sending their children to mainstream and/or schools catering for children with special educational needs, and who decided not to send their children through the traditional school system and who decided to home school their children. There are many hundreds of cases like this in the UK, supported by the Asperger Home Education organization, and other local organizations, which act as a source of support for parents who are home-schooling children with Aspergers syndrome (Asperger Home Education, 2010). The vast majority of experiences of people I know who have home schooled their children with this condition have had hugely positive experiences, with their children growing up to lead full lives, most usually specializing in the area that captured their interest as a child. One friend, in particular, has gone on from being obsessed with LEGO as a small child to become a str uctural engineer, employed in one of the UKs largest construction companies, something that was made possible by the dedication of his mother who didnt give up on him, believed in him and gave him the tools and skills he needed to be able to make a success of his adult life. However a child with Aspergers syndrome is taught, it should be borne in mind, as recommended by The National Autistic Society (2010) that children with this condition are likely to have problems with group work, with a lack of comprehension, with a lack of empathy and with their motivation levels. It is also likely that, at some point, children living with this condition might suffer from distress as a result of a perceived lack of information. The good teacher should, thus, be aware that these problems may arise and should attempt to handle the classroom situation, and the student within that situation, so that the opportunities for these problems to arise are limited. If they arise, the teacher should also have strategies in place for dealing with the behavioural manifestations of these problems in the child. There are, therefore, various teaching approaches that can be adopted in order to minimize the distress caused to the child with Aspergers syndrome and minimize, as a result, the disruption to the classroom that is caused when a child with this condition becomes confused and distressed. The social model would suggest that if this condition is accommodated by an appropriate teaching approach, then the child should be able to be schooled normally, accommodating, as far as possible, their disability. Conclusion This essay has looked in detail at Aspergers syndrome, from its definition to its differences in comparison to autism. Several models have been discussed, with which to understand the disability caused by Aspergers syndrome, with these models being applied to teaching approaches and a discussion presented of possible teaching approaches for children living with Aspergers syndrome in light of these different models. My personal experiences of teaching and/or knowing some children with this condition were also related, showing, on the whole, that children with this condition are usually academically gifted and that the problems their disability presents can be overcome by, as Bronfenbrenners (1979) ecological model suggests, fitting the childs environment to their condition. Home schooling is an ideal way of ensuring this and giving the Aspergers child the best chance of making a success of their lives. It should be noted, however, that not all parents can afford, or have the ability t o, home school and, as such, other teaching approaches were discussed, including mainstreaming and institutes providing special needs education. In conclusion, Aspergers syndrome is a complex condition, dealt with in many ways, depending on the perspective from which the condition is viewed.

Family Systems Essay

Family systems theory was founded by Dr. Murray Bowen. He suggested that the connections and reactions found within a family system creates interdependence on one another. He based his theory on the natural emotional connections with the family. He continued to build upon it as time went on. After Bowen there were several other theorists who used Bowen’s theory as a base, and built off of it. Bowen created his theory based on eight major concepts. They are as follows; Differentiation of Self, Nuclear Family Emotional System, Triangles, Family Projection Process, Multigenerational Transmission Process, Emotional Cutoff, Sibling Position, Societal Emotional Process. The core concept in Bowenian theory is Differentation of Self, this says that the more developed someone’s â€Å"self† is that less impact society and others will have on them. â€Å"The basic building blocks of a â€Å"self† are inborn, but an individual’s family relationships during childhood and adolescence primarily determine how much â€Å"self† he develops† (thebowencenter.com) This concept can be seen as a self-esteem issue. Bowen says that someone with a poor sense of self will quickly conform to others thought and opinions. While someone with a secure sense of â€Å"self† is able to keep that secure thorough social influences. He created a scale that meas ured differentiating self it was measured 0-100. 0-25 were the people with the lowest sense of self, these people liked to be â€Å"comfortable† and did so with self-sacrifice. While people above 60 were rare, they had an extreme sense of self, and were free from societal emotional control and did not control others. The second concept is, Nuclear Family Emotional System which is based on four basic relationship patterns;. marital conflict, dysfunction in one spouse, impairment in one or more children, and emotional distance. Marital conflict is caused by the externalizing of anxiety and emotions caused by family stress. Each spouse presents this in different ways but, the common behaviors include; need for control, knit picking, and resistance to each other. Marital conflict can lead to a breakdown in the family system as well as a marriage. Secondly, dysfunction in one spouse is when one spouse tries  to conform the other to think and act the way they do. The controlling spouse in this situation over bears the other spouse making them act and think in ways they may otherwise not. This can lead to anxiety, tension, and possibly psychiatric or mental dysfunction. Thirdly, impairment in one or more children, can cause excessive attention to the impaired child, causing them to act out and interna lize family tension more then the other children, because they feel like the spotlight is on them. The last relationship pattern is emotional distance. This is a basic pattern seen when the relationships within the family become to intense and people start to distance themselves to lessen the intensity of the relationship. The third concept is Triangles, which are a single relationship with three people involved. Triangles can be great when there is no tension, but can cause a break down in the family system when tension is present. Triangles in tension situations, have insiders and outsiders. The outsiders are trying to get in and the insiders are trying to get out. An example I found of this was a child whose parents were focusing on what was wrong with his so much that he started to rebel. He felt under so much pressure that he was trying to get â€Å"outside† the triangle to relieve some of the pressure. Triangles play an important role in family systems as well as in therapy. The fourth Bowenian concept is, Family projection process which is the process of the parents transmitting there emotional problems to the child. The projection process follows three steps. â€Å"(1) the parent focuses on a child out of fear that something is wrong with the child; (2) the parent interprets the child’s behavior as confirming the fear; and (3) the parent treats the child as if something is really wrong with the child.† (thebowencenter.com) This process can cause the child to feel insecure when attention is not focused on them. There are so many different situation that fall under this projection umbrella. An example could be, a mother feels depressed therefore, she feels the child is depressed and treats the child accordingly. This can also be seen in extreme cases where a mother favors a certain child, and the father sees the child-mother combination as one unit and take his anger towards the mother out on the child. The fifth concept is, Multigeneration al transmission process which says â€Å"how small differences in the levels of differentiation between parents and their offspring lead over many generations to marked differences in differentiation among the  members of a multigenerational family.† (Schara, Blog 2013) Bowen feels that the way people react to situations and relationships is based on a multigenerational transmission of behaviors and emotions. The sixth concept, Emotional cutoff, is simple. Simply speaking people emotionally cutoff other family members instead of resolving the conflicts within the relationship/s. The seventh concept, Sibling position, says that your birth order effects the way you view the world. Oldest siblings tend to be leaders, where youngest siblings tend to be followers. This isn’t always true because can be effected by parental emotions and behaviors. Bowen used psychologist Walter Toman’s research to help him form his theory on sibling position. Examples used; if an oldest sibling is focused on by the parents growing up, then they may not be able to take leadership or make their own decisions. This leaves the â€Å"leadership† role to the younger sibling therefore, putting them in the â€Å"oldest† leadership type role. Where people are in sibling position can effect their marriage, their parenting skills, and of course the family dynamics. The last concept in Bowenian theory is, societal emotional process. This concept tells us how the emotional system controls behavior on a societal level. This is similar to that within a family system, which can be progressive or regressive. Societies go through progressions and regressions constantly. If a society is going through a progression, or regression, it can effect the entire society including all of the major branches and boiling down into the individual family systems. All of these major concepts in Bowenian theory are based on the emotions and behaviors of each individual and their effects on the family system. Bowen was a big believer in the family being seen as one cohesive unit and working towards homeostasis. The basic techniques used in Family systems theory are; detriangulation, nonanxious presence, genograms, coaching, reframing, power differential, and the purser-distancer concept. All of these techniques are used to reach the common goal of homeostasis within the family system. In regards to Detriangualtion, this is when a therapist breaks up a triangular relationship between three people in the family. By having one person within the triangle take a stand on an issue, that is not agreed upon by the other two people in the triangle. Therefore, creating a sense of self within that one person and breaking the give and take relationship in the le. â€Å"In Bowenian family therapy, it is argued that a  conflict between two people will resolve itself in the presence of a third person who can avoid emotional participation with either while relating actively to both.† (Bowen 1978) As a Bowenion therapist you must take on the role of the non-anxious presence. This is when a therapist keeps a sense of calm throughout the session regardless of the circumstances. A non-anxious presence can bring peace to the family involved and help them to open up in session. A n anxious therapist can inflict unneeded chaos and stress for obvious reasons. A building block tool used in the Bowen Family Systems therapy is a genogram. When the family comes in for intake, most therapists will create a genogram. This is a multigenerational map of the family that documents mental illness, substance abuse, medical issues, relationships, and some events tied to specific family members. A genogram can give the therapist a sense of what they need to address within the family system. Family Systems theory uses coaching as a way to help the families through tough times, and provides them with tools to succeed as a family unit. Coaching can help by giving families a way to understand each others interworking’s and hopefully see each other through clearer light. The goal of coaching a family would be to establish a stronger sense of self while strengthening the family system. Reframing takes place when the family needs to change the way they look at each other or the unit as a whole. Reframing a relationship takes hard work but can bring about peace and reduce tension within the family. In order to reframe a relationship or many the therapist must reinterpret a families situation to make them more open to solution. â€Å"Reframing is a type of communication that can help family members better understand the concerns and intentions behind the misconstrued words.† (Jeanty, Jacqueline) An example of reframing, is a child who is constantly badgering their mother about quitting smoking. Once the situation is reframed it is easier to see that the child is scared and cares deeply about the mothers health, which is why they continued to badger. Power Differential,

Traditional Training Methods

Organizations of today have a variety of methods to choose from when training their employees. There have been many technological advances in the training industry, however most employers prefer to utilize the traditional methods due to viability and effectiveness of these training formats. The most used traditional training methods are instructor-led, hands-on, and interactive.There are many types of instructor-led trainings such as blackboard or whiteboard, overhead projector, video, PowerPoint, and storytelling. Storytelling is the most effective technique because trainees can communicate openly and feel less threatened by their response for there is no wrong or right answer. The instructor-led method has advantages that out weigh disadvantages.The advantages of this method are: 1) Instructor-led classroom training is an efficient method for presenting a large body of material to large or small groups of employees; 2) It is a personal, face-to-face type of training as opposed to c omputer-based training and other methods we will discuss later; 3) It ensures that everyone gets the same information at the same time; 4) It is cost-effective, especially when not outsourced to guest speakers; and 5)Storytelling grabs people’s attention. BLR, 2011) The disadvantages of this method are: 1) Sometimes it is not interactive; 2) Too much of the success of the training depends on the effectiveness of the lecturer; 3) Scheduling classroom sessions for large numbers of trainees can be difficult—especially when trainees are at multiple locations. (BLR, 2011) The hands-on traditional training method enables employees to learn while doing their job. This method utilizes several techniques to train employees such as cross-training, demonstrations, coaching, and apprenticeships.The advantages of hands-on are its effectiveness in training of new equipment and new procedures; it is applicable to trainees’ jobs, as well as enables trainers to determine a train ee retains learned new skills and procedures. The disadvantages are that it is not applicable in large groups; personal training limits trainer’s time spent with other trainees; and apprenticeships are expensive to companies that pay for employees who are less productive than others. (BLR, 2011) The last traditional training is the interactive method. The interactive method enables trainee involvement as well as holds their attention to information to be learned.This method can utilize quizzes, small group discussions, case studies, question cards, and role playing to influence trainees actively participate. The advantages of this method are trainee involvement resulting in retained new information; fun and enjoyable training; the sharing of experience and knowledge from veteran employees to newer employees; in-session feedback on new employee performance. The main disadvantage is time constraints due to activities such as quizzes that take longer. (BLR, 2011) My review of tr aditional training methods has influenced my opinion of which methods are effective and ineffective.The most effective method would be the hand-on method. This method would make available the opportunity for employees to experience the jobs and responsibilities of other coworkers which would expand knowledge and skill levels. The ineffective method would be the interactive method. This method although fun and enjoyable would not guarantee that the required information would be learned or retained.ReferencesBLR Employee Training Center. (2011). The Most Effective Training Techniques. Retrieved on April 14, 2011 from http://training. blr. com/employee-training-resources/How-to-Choose-the-Most-Effective-Training-Techniques