The Foolproof Argumentative Synthesis Essay Topics Strategy

The Foolproof Argumentative Synthesis Essay Topics Strategy The Fundamentals of Argumentative Synthesis Essay Topics Revealed There are lots of aspects about a sport that may be argued in an essay. Thus, for your coursework, you are going to want to have the very best ideas. The role of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. Everyone would like to generate fantastic papers, get the greatest marks, and get the standing of a hardworking student. Understanding Argumentative Synthesis Essay Topics Whenever you make an order on our site, you get all extra guarantees. Just like any excellent essay, organization is important. If you aren't pleased with your paper, you can secure the total refund according to our company policy or ask us for corrections. Thus don't be concerned about writing homework and get our paper help when possible. Argumentative essays are frequently more philosophical and synthetic essays are devoted to a specific matter. Following that, you must construct your own claim, and compose an essay around that. Usually, it doesn't include references and quotes in it. It is crucial to select a great topic so as to compose a fantastic paper. The last price is based on the kind of paper, page sum, deadline, and other criteria. By way of example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing standpoint. There is not sufficient info to create a last choice. When there's information which goes against your key points, don't ignore it. Whether there are differences between sources, it's recommended that the paper shows information concerning the differences or similarities in an informative way. Make certain that you have read all your sources. You should employ a significant amount of sources. Many of your sources will likely have information that could support either side of an argument. The topic needs to be handled in a thorough and objective method. English language classes usually take a lot of writing. Sarcasm is employed in various situations, as an example, some might use it in order to clearly show their anger or dissatisfaction about something. When the paper was completed, the conclusion provides the last touches by giving suggestions or further comments. Getting in a position to compose a strong argument will allow you to succeed in society. You must be quite diligent in your approach so you can find with a very good work. A complete topic for a synthesis paper is one which encourages you to have a stance on a debatable iss ue. The Hidden Secret of Argumentative Synthesis Essay Topics Argumentative essay is about arguing and debating on a subject, which is debatable. Researching the topic permits you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. In some manner, this issue of your upcoming essay is dependent on what you would like to do by your paper and the sources you rely on. A good topic for a synthesis essay is one which encourages you to opt for a position on a debatable topic. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but remember to do your homework on what the recent laws about your preferred topic actually say. Now that you know what a lousy topic appears like, it's time to chat about what an excellent topic resembles. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points you could counter to your own points. New Questions About Argumentative Synthesis Essay Topics Lousy synthesis topics can arrive in a number of forms. Critical thinking and analysis must make sure high excellent synthesis essay content. Research is really the most important portion of the argumentative synthesis essay. If it is all about figuring out how to compose an AP English synthesis essay, it's important to open the official AP website with the present requirements and study the grading rubric to comprehend what things to concentrate on. In the instance of a synthesis essay, it's supplied by the instructor. Well, grading papers can be rather dull. In conclusion, to learn to compose a very good synthesis essay, a student should discover more regarding the area of research. The most important argument in favour of Walmart is it provides employment to a massive amount of people, while the little and medium towns also gain from a reduced quantity of trips to the neighborhood shop. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. Bear in mind you can make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it.

Character Comparison - Hills Like White Elephants/A...

Stefanie A. Thomas Professor Judith Angona English 152 9 October 2012 Character Comparison – Two Repressed Women Both â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† center around two women who are repressed by their lives’ circumstances. However, outside of their feelings, their situations could not be more different. Miss Emily Grierson is trapped in a life of solitude, despondency, and desperation. The girl, or â€Å"Jig†, is equally as desperate, but her repression is not born of loneliness or restraint—it is the child of her freedom. Repression comes in several forms, but it will suffocate and consume you. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, Miss Emily Grierson lives a life of quiet turmoil. Her†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Jig† is a young, modern woman who is faced with the decision of prolonging her freedom and the stability of her relationship or accepting motherhood and the responsibility that comes with it. It is not to say t hat motherhood is a prison; it is that motherhood would be the death of everything she loved, mainly travelling, and the very stability of her relationship with her lover, â€Å"the American†. â€Å"The American† says, â€Å"‘That’s the only thing that bothers us. It’s the only thing that’s made us unhappy.’† (Hemingway 115) which unequivocally shows that the center of conflict inside of their relationship is the presumed pregnancy. There are several instances in the story that â€Å"the American† reiterates â€Å"Jig’s† options for her future. Although he expresses that he would support and love her no matter what the ultimate choice is, she feels conflicted and her pain, which builds throughout the story and as the conversation progresses, becomes more obvious. What is most interesting is, as his second thoughts about the unspoken abortion spike, her resistance to discuss the topic any further grows in tandem. Although the two heroes’ love for one another is evident, there is the aching uncertainty between them: Is there room for a child in their relationship built of travelling, drinking, and discovery? â€Å"Jig’s† repression, just like Miss Emily’s, is inevitable because of their presented circumstance. TheseShow MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesor a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fiction. A major function of plot can be said to be the representation of characters in action, though as we will see the action involved can be internal and psychological as well as external and physical. In order for a plot to begin, someRead MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 Pagesnovel, The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, became a literary sensation. Since that time, her reputation has grown with every successive work. Such novels as Reflections In a Golden Eye, The Member of the Wedding and Clock Without Hands have won her comparison with such diverse masters as Melville, Flaubert and Faulkner -- which is to say: no critic has succeeded in easily capsulizing the full dimensions of her talent. Perhaps none of her works more brilliantly represents the variety and richness ofRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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If you would like to suggest changes to the text, the author would appreciate your writing to him at dowden@csus.edu. iv Praise Comments on the earlier 1993 edition, published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, which is owned by Cengage Learning: There isRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages. Figure 12.1. The Stages of a Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 12.2. A Part of the Security Policy of the Decatur Public Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 13.1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs . . . Figure 13.2. Comparison of Maslow’s and Herzberg’s Motivation Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 13.3. Elements of Effective Goal Setting . . . . . Figure 14.1. Three Elements of Effective Leadership . Figure 14.2. Likert’s Four Systems of Leadership .

Relationship Combined Service Recommendation †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Combined Service Recommendation. Answer: Introduction BidTaxi is one of the new platforms created with the help of the modern-day technology for the travelers for better travelling experience in a cab. BidTaxi which is a new taxi hailing service uses the technique of bidding of customers by the cab drivers, instead of the normal approach of having a fixed price set by the cab hailing organizations. The process of the working goes by, the best bid by the cab drivers is given the priority and gets selected. This paper briefly discusses about the business operation of BidTaxi cab haling service. This discourse will also bring in light about the benefits that are provided by the BidTaxi organization to their customers that is the cab drivers as well the riders. The unique method that the organization has choose separates them from the other taxi service providing platforms (Wong et al., 2014). The Ministry of transportation concerns with the civil transport, rail transport, road safety and other transportation systems of the country. This p aper enricher the goods of the bid taxi to the ministry of the transportation for convincing them for the approval. BidTaxi organization, which is one of the most unique cab service provider organization in Australia came up with an entirely new concept of business, in terms of providing taxi hailing services. The organization has already got global recognition due to their unique idea and easy approach of the platform used by customers. The service is easily accessible to the customers using the mobile technologies like the android and the iPhone, and in case the customer is unable to use the mobile technology can easily access the website developed by the organization. The idea which is developed by the organization is one of kind using the modern-day technologies. The organization had moved on from the old and fixed idea of having a fix price for the distance, where the fares are decided by the organization. Rather the organization uses the technique of bidding, that is when a customer is tries to book a cab, the cab drivers in the nearest fixed location gets the option for bidding for the pass enger and the bidding which gets best fit wins the bidding and approved (Rizan, Fadillah RP 2015). Once the customer starts the process, in the background the servers starts notifying the available drivers about every detail of the customer that is from where the customer is to be picked up, till where the customer will go and how many passengers are getting booked. The drivers check the requirements and accepts the booking, and now the drivers get the windows for starting the bidding process. In the bidding process, the driver analyses the requirements and sets a price accordingly (Raines et al., 2015). The cost of the ride is not only based on the distance and number of the passengers riding but may be subject to condition of the car, services provided in the car (like AC) and other comforts. In some cases, if only one cab is available for bidding, the bid placed by the driver gets confirmed if no other driver intervenes (Wang Cheu, 2013). The time efficiency of the service is j udged by the distance the driver is at from the pickup location. After choosing the taxi driver the particular driver is sent a message of confirmation and the taxi service is booked by the client. In order to achieve the desired goals which are set which are set by the organization in order ro gain maximum success. These sets of the rules are as follows. Drivers, who are enthusiastic to be a part of the BidTaxi organization, needs to get proper certification from the organization. Before the driver joins the driver has to pass some tests provided by the organizations driver needs to pass the minimum score set by the organization. There are several types of drills that the driver needs to follow (Dyer, 2017). After the completion of all the drills provided, the chauffeurs are gauged considering the time taken to complete the trainings and the slipups committed during the test process. After the process of the test, the drivers are further trained by the organization. The training process includes some basic driving skills enhancements and technique to use the application as a driver, that is how to bid, when to bid and other such functions (Benz Sumares, 2015). This process of hiring certified drivers is to make sure that the passengers who are using the bid taxi platform get the most secured drivers and there is minimum number of an y cases of accidents. The credit score that the driver earns during the test process and the training process, are present in the portal of the chauffeur through which they apply for the bid (Xie, Nie Liu, 2017). Customers accepting the bid can check the score of the driver in order to stay confident regarding the quality of service they are to receive. Insurance and road worthiness of the vehicle The organizations check for proper paper works of the car and the driver before launching the vehicle for the customers. The papers that are checked is the purchasing certificate of the car, the insurance of the vehicle the drivers license, the pollution of the car and other such papers. This is done in order to avoid any kind of legal controversies during the service period of the driver and the car (Tay Choi, 2016). Any kind of legal controversies during the service period affects the goodwill of the taxi driver as well as the platform that is providing support to the uninsured vehicle. The Bid taxi organization also checks the road worthiness of the vehicle before launching it in the platform. The roadworthiness of the vehicle is put under scrutiny by the organization (Bush, et al 2015). The vehicle is going to be used by the drivers are tested in various conditions, for example the off-road conditions, congested areas, sharp turns in order to check the availability of the braking system, engine system and other (Binion, et al 2015). On passing all the conditions in satisfactory terms the road worthiness of the vehicle is proved and the vehicle is hired. The organization also has a very effective ratings system. This is one of the best techniques to review any passenger or any driver (Khuong Dai, 2016). BidTaxi started using the policy of the customer rating the chauffeur and the chauffeur rating the customer. This mutual rating acts as the benefits for both the driver and the client. The entire system of the rating is anonymous, that is the drivers cannot see which customer gave what rating and the customers cannot see which driver gives what rating. The drivers as well as the customer can see the overall rating provided (Gany et al.,2015). The entire rating can only be seen by the management authorities. This process is to make sure that no one after the cab gets booked does any misbehave mutually. This also enhances the security of the customer. with increase in the rating of the driver the driver gets climb in position among the equivalent drivers and quantity of chances for doing a bid also increases, also the chances of gettin g selected by the client increases proportionally (Kong, et al 2017). There is a target benchmark of the rating system and on meeting the target fixed by the organization the drivers are gifted with extra bonus. The rating of the customers does not have any benchmark but only for the drivers to know how well the customer is. If the rating of the customer is low in 5 to 6 rides consecutively, the chances of getting a cab decreases. IF the rating is also low consecutively there are less chances for the driver to do a bid (Benz Sumares, 2015). One of the major technique developed by the organization in this process is that if the customer and the driver both has a low-ranking score, they get merged up in the in a ride. It may happen that a customer needs to use this unique platform but does not have any smartphone or it may also happen that the customer is not having credit or debit card to pay. The bid taxi has introduced many features for these types of the customers. If the customer is not having any smartphone can book cab using the website of the platform which is similar to smartphone application (Balafoutas et al., 2013). Also, in case no credit card can use the Osko or purchase gift cards from any bid taxi authorized supermarkets. And these cards can be recharged from any nearest bid taxi office. The bonus points in the Osko cards are also high as compared to the other methods of the payment system. The bonus points are achieved by the drivers can be used in future by the drivers as gift cards provided by the drivers (Yuan et al., 2013). The tips that the customer gives to the drivers can be used for donations in the charity. The points of the customers can be uses a discount coupon in the future rides of the customer. Suggestions for the Bid taxi organisation. The organization is one of the well-established company and the norms are also much advanced, but there is always some way for the betterment or improvement in the systems. One of the strategy which may increase the fame of the organization is complain generating system. This can help the drivers as well as the customers in terms of safety. The customer may complain about the things like the loss of any item, misbehave by the driver or the fellow passenger, or in any case of accident. Also, the same can be applicable for the drivers, the drivers can complain about any misbehave by the customers, in case of the road legal issues or any case of theft or mishandling of the car (Zeng Oren, 2014). This can help the customer more confident about the security and safety of both the customers and the drivers. This system needs to merge with the rating system that the one who is rating after the ride is completed can give comment about the ride or any issue in the system. A helpline number c an also be introduced to provide better facility. In case there is no internet connection the customer or the driver can use this phone number for lodging any complain. And further steps would be taken accordingly. One of the other security measure that can be taken, is placing a emery button inside the car. If any one needs any help can use this button to ask for help. Once the button gets triggered, the indicators and the horn of the gets activated and any police or people outside can spot such thing and run for help. One of the other thing the organization can done for the betterment of the business, is to sponsor the driver who are not having any car but is willing to join the service of the bid taxi organization. This may intern increase the profits of the organization. The organization can also hire car from the owners and use them for the platform. This will help the driver to get employment (Chen, Cui Li, 2018). The organization also can merge up with any car making or car selling organization in order to buy cars from that specified center and use them in their platform. This helps the organization by, if the driver for some reason leaves the organization, the car would be left vacant and the organization can hire a new driver and use the car further. Also, this will decrease the cost of car checking process again and again as the car would belong to the organization itself. Conclusion Thus, concluding the topic it can be said that the BidTaxi has started the project with a thought of making it a unique project and has been successful in achieving the target that they had set for themselves. The operation of the project is very much smooth and is very easy to use for both the customers and the drivers. The security services are of high standards as compared to other such platforms. The technique used by the organization grabs the attention of many customers as the prices to travel ha decreased because of the organization. The booking time and the cost is also very low, and the drivers gets desired amount of sum. The demand of the services is getting a increase day by day and would become of the feature business in future. Reference Balafoutas, L., Beck, A., Kerschbamer, R., Sutter, M. (2013). What drives taxi drivers? A field experiment on fraud in a market for credence goods.Review of Economic Studies,80(3), 876-891. Benz, A., Sumares, E. (2015). The Uber Controversy: a Public Choice Perspective. Binion, T., Minter, K. S., Brown-McCreery, H., Harris, M., Myers, J., Fields, B., Harr, J. (2015).U.S. Patent Application No. 14/047,256. Chen, Z., Cui, W., Li, X. (2018). Research on Decision-making of Urban Taxi Management Organization. Business Administration and Management, 1(1). Dyer, C. (2017). GP who certified taxi drivers without examining them gets 12 month suspension.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),358. Gany, F., Rau-Murthy, R., Mujawar, I., Prasad, L., Roberts, N. (2015). Increasing influenza vaccination in New York City taxi drivers: A community driven approach.Vaccine,33(22), 2521-2523. Khuong, M. N., Dai, N. Q. (2016). The Factors Affecting Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty--A Study of Local Taxi Companies in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology,7(5), 228. Kong, X., Xia, F., Wang, J., Rahim, A., Das, S. K. (2017). Time-location-relationship combined service recommendation based on taxi trajectory data.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,13(3), 1202-1212. Raines, R. T., Nesson, E. J., Lackey, D. A., Fritts, T., Bush, I. (2015).U.S. Patent Application No. 14/682,473. Rizan, M., Fadillah, E., RP, A. K. (2015). INFLUENCE OF SERVICE QUALITY AND FARE TOWARD CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND ITS IMPACT ON CUSTOMER LOYALTY OF EXPRESS TAXI IN JAKARTA.JRMSI-Jurnal Riset Manajemen Sains Indonesia,6(2), 618-638. Tay, R., Choi, J. (2016). Factors associated with crashes involving taxi owners and non-owners: A case of moral hazard and adverse selection?.Accident Analysis Prevention,87, 78-82. Wang, H., Cheu, R. (2013). Operations of a taxi fleet for advance reservations using electric vehicles and charging stations.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2352), 1-10. Wong, R. C. P., Szeto, W. Y., Wong, S. C., Yang, H. (2014). Modelling multi-period customer-searching behaviour of taxi drivers.Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics,2(1), 40-59. Xie, J., Nie, Y. M., Liu, X. (2017). Testing the proportionality condition with taxi trajectory data.Transportation Research Part B: Methodological,104, 583-601. Yuan, J., Zheng, Y., Xie, X., Sun, G. (2013). T-drive: Enhancing driving directions with taxi drivers' intelligence.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,25(1), 220-232. Zeng, C., Oren, N. (2014, August). Dynamic taxi pricing. In Proceedings of the Twenty-first European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 1135-1136). IOS Press.

Research Article Critique Essays - Atlantic Hurricane Season

Research Article Critique George Hinton SOC 333: Research Methods Risa Garelick 5/25/17 In 2011, examining the matters of homeland security and emergency management, authors B.R. Lindsey and T. Settles wrote an article titled Crime in Post-Katrina Houston: The Effects of Moral Panic on Emergency Planning. Nearly 12 years ago in 2005, Hurricane Katrina killed thousands of people and destroyed all in its path as it ripped through the Gulf Coast States from Morgan City, Louisiana, to Biloxi, Mississippi, to Mobile, Alabama (www.foxnews.com). Among the death toll, the Louisiana Department of Health reported 1,464 deaths from Katrina as the majority of deaths came from the New Orleans Metropolitan area (www.foxnews.com). The Mississippi Department of Health reported 238 deaths and the states of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida suffered fatalities on a smaller scale; approximately 770,000 were displaced (www.foxnews.com). The United States reeled from its most devastating urban disaster mericans will long remember 2005 as the year Hurricane Katrina ripped through the Gulf Coast states, killing thousands and destroying everything in its path. Two weeks after Hurricane Katrina and the levee failures on the Mississippi Delta, as the United States was reeling from its most devastating urban disaster in recent history recent history (Herring, C. and Rosenman, E. 2016). Millions of people from New Orleans, Louisiana who were displaced looked to Houston, Texas for shelter. In their article, Settles and Lindsey sought to uncover the factual truths concerning the issues relative to the displaced Katrina people, also referred to as evacuees. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed by the two as they implemented mixed method procedure. Initially, the city of Houston, by and large, seemed to welcome those from Katrina with open arms with donations of food, water, shelter, clothing and other necessities in effort to make the evacuees feel as if they found home in their new city. However, when the crime rate rose in Houston, it was attributed to these evacuees. Hence, the people of Houston wanted the citizens of Katrina to leave. Police reports were obtained for use as quantitative data. Comparisons were made concerning the criminal activity before the Katrina evacuees arrived in Houston and after they had been there. Data reflected crimes had become more of a problem since the evacuees arrived. The major crimes included in the reports were "murder, rape, aggravated assault, burglary, burglary of motor vehicles, auto theft, and robbery" (Settles, T. Despite the fact major criminal activity was already occurring in Houston, the Katrina evacuees were blamed for the increase of crime in town. Since the mixed method approach was implemented here, qualitative data was also used in effort to obtain information which would reflect more than percentages and numbers. Mass confusion arose from the matter of who bore responsibility for the evacuees' housing reimbursement and safety of the community they were to live. By way of qualitative research, interviews were conducted with the New Orleans people and media. After cross-examinations occurred, the researchers determined the accounts given did not match each other. The mixed method data approach thus came into play. Research revealed that billions of dollars had been issued by the government to aid the Hurricane Katrina victims, but the victims received none of that money. FEMA, otherwise known as the Federal Emergency Management Agency, was supposed to reimburse the city for the market value of rented apartments. While FEMA paid the money, the hands of the evacuees were tied in terms of them trying to find apartments within the limited range specified; residents could not exceed the value nor could they afford to cover the costs out of pocket. Thus, they had to search for residence in lower income communities with higher crime volume. FEMA neglected to disclose information concerning the evacuees who rented these apartments, and they also failed to complete searches of local, state and national databases to see whether or not any evacuees were wanted for crimes committed back in Louisiana. The processed data came from information pre and post Katrina. The aim of the hypothesis was to identify exactly what occurred pre and post Katrina in Houston to see whether or not the criminal activity stemmed from the natives of Katrina. The qualitative research entailed interviews of Katrina evacuees by the researchers; over 450 newspaper articles were also reexamined. After all was said and done in terms of the research conducted, the documentation and the numbers did not match. By way of the quantitative data approach, researchers discovered crime did increase when Katrina evacuees moved to Houston. However, the increase was not substantial enough to prove it was the direct result of the evacuees being

The Need for Wireless Standards and Protocols essayEssay Writing Service

The Need for Wireless Standards and Protocols essayEssay Writing Service The Need for Wireless Standards and Protocols essay The Need for Wireless Standards and Protocols essayToday, the development of technologies contributes to the wider emergence of wireless networks that open new opportunities for communication and data sharing. However, the rise of the popularity of wireless networks raises the problem of the introduction of reliable and safe wireless standards and protocols. At the moment, wireless standards and protocols remain, to a certain extent, under-regulated and under-developed. As a result, the risk of information breaches persists along with the risk of misusing wireless networks for the access to the private information and other cyber crimes. In such a situation, wireless standards and protocols need consistent enhancements not only at the domestic level but also internationally and such organizations as the Federal Communications Commission or the International Organization of Standardization should regulate the development of wireless networks and technology through setting effective wi reless standards and protocols.The Federal Communications Commission is the US federal government body that regulates the communication market, including the wireless market in particular. In fact, the Federal Communications Commission does not limit its functions by the control over businesses but also it expands its control on private means of communications introducing standards and regulations that determine the development of the communications industry in the US. In this regard, the Federal Communications Commission has the authority to regulate wireless technology and networks in the US. The regulation occurs through the establishments of norms and standards which all users in the US have to respect. Otherwise, the Commission will use its authority to impose sanctions and launch the legal prosecution on businesses and individuals that violate established norms and standards.The ISO is the international organization that establishes standards in different fields, including the wireless technology and networks. At this point, it is worth mentioning the ISO 21216-2012 standard, as one of the main standards dedicated to the regulation of the wireless technology and wireless networks (Behzad, 2013). The ISO focuses on the establishment of standards at the international level and maintains the control over the observation of those standards, while the violation of those standards can raise substantial problems in the international trade for violators of standards established by the ISO.The breadth of the standards regulations depends on the scope of operations of each regulatory organization. In this regard, the Federal Communication Commission focuses on the regulation of wireless standards throughout the US. As for the ISO, this is the international organization that focuses on regulation and development of international wireless standards that are applicable globally.At the same time both the Federal Communication Commission and ISO regulations and standar ds need enhancements and advancements. The Federal Communications Commission and ISO face, to a significant extent, similar problems since their regulations are, in a way, outdated because the wireless technology progresses faster than the standards are introduced by both organizations (Tanenbaum, 2013). In addition, ISO faces the problem of the introduction of such standards that would be applicable internationally that means that the ISO has to take into consideration national differences and establish standards that can be adapted in different countries.At the moment, the ISO 21216-2012 standard is one of the key standards used for wireless networks. ISO 21216-2012 standard covers the open systems interconnection layer 1 physical layer air interface for communications medium operating in the 60 GHz millimetric frequency range by providing the parameters for medium range, medium to high speed wireless communications in the ITS sector. This standard specifies the parameters require d to interface the Layer 1 of such a system to the communications access for land mobiles architecture.Along with formal regulations and standards, there are information ones, which do not have the solid legal basis but still do exist de-facto. At this point, it is possible to refer to the standard known as 802.11b. 802.11b has been the de facto  wireless networking standard of the last few years, and for good reason. It offers excellent range and respectable throughput. (While the radio can send frames at up to 11 Mbps, protocol overhead puts the data rate at 5 to 6 Mbps, which is about on par with 10baseT Ethernet.) It operates using DSSS at 2.4 GHz, and automatically selects the best data rate (either 1, 2, 5.5, or 11 Mbps), depending on available signal strength (Tanenbaum, 2013). Its greatest advantage at this point is its ubiquity: millions of 802. 11b devices have shipped, and the cost of client and access point gear is not only phenomenally low, but also ships embedded in many laptop and handheld devices. It can move data at rates much faster than the average Internet connection (Tanenbaum, 2013).Thus, the development of the wireless technology and growing popularity of wireless networks confront the problem of the poor or insufficient regulations and standardization (Viadrot, 2001). As a result, companies and individuals using the wireless technology face different risks, such as information breaches. Regulatory organizations that set standards, such as the Federal Communications Commission and ISO should unite their efforts to create a solid and effective system of standards to regulate the wireless technology and networks market.

Pay Attention to the Email Subject

Pay Attention to the Email Subject Pay Attention to the Email Subject Pay Attention to the Email Subject By Michael The subject line is the most important part of your email. Its perhaps the source your readers use most to decide whether your message is spam or not. The other is the sender line, your own name and email address. If youre writing to a friend who recognizes your email address immediately (and are you sure they can, by the way?), then maybe you can get away with a subject line that says nothing, such as whats happening? or just a thought or hows it going? But spammers love to use those same meaningless subject lines. Anybody can, because they dont say what the email is about, and they allow spam to be mistaken as personal messages. So for important emails, avoid this sort of unprofessional subject line. Unless youre a spammer. Because you may get mistaken for one. Vague subject lines also make email hard to catalog and find later. Suppose your prospective business client does recognize your email address. Or, armed with the latest spyware and virus updates, your customer decides to take a chance on opening your message which you have cleverly titled Who knew? Suppose it has something important to say. I hope you had something important to say. When your customer rereads the subject lines, looking for the email containing the time and place where he was supposed to sign your $1.3 million contract, how in the world is your customer going to remember which email it was? Was it Who knew? or could it have been Update! Well, you didnt really need that $1.3 million anyway. Today, most email is spam, and your email subject line needs to authenticate your message as non-spam. Being specific and personal is the best way to do that. Put something in the subject line that a spammer couldnt guess: specific names or keywords that would interest your reader. And when you do that, you really are interesting your reader at the same time. Yes, detailed subject lines may seem less personal. But drastic times call for drastic measures. In a sea of spam, a clearly-written email subject line rises to the top like a message in a bottle that says Rescue me! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good With"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?150 Foreign Expressions to Inspire You

How to achieve HR Operational Excellence in Global Corporations Research Paper

How to achieve HR Operational Excellence in Global Corporations - Research Paper Example In order to survive in this tough competitive world it has become essential to achieve organizational excellence. Organizational excellence is a broad term and encompasses excellence in every department of the organization including finance, marketing HR and operations. In order to achieve excellence it is absolutely essential to have an integration of key departments of an organization. This has been aided by use of high end technology in business processes which include functional integration packages like an ERP which help in linking the different departments of an organization under one single unit. Organizations are also employing different efficiency techniques like TQM and Six Sigma in their operations which have helped them in creating competitive advantage in the business markets. Operational excellence has become the buzzword for business organizations across the globe. Multinational organizations like Wal-Mart and UPS have developed expertise by employing technologies whic h has helped in integration of departments as well as generation of organization efficiency. Wal-Mart is a classic example which has set benchmarks in the retail industry by adopting an efficient ERP program which has helped in creating large scale competitive advantage as well as generation of economies of scale and scope which have helped in creating entry barriers for organizations trying to capture the market share in a consumer market. This assumes considerable importance considering the fact that organizations need to have efficiencies so as to sustain the level of competition. Adoption of efficiencies also assumes significance considering the fact that business organizations operate in rapidly changing situations which demand greater flexibilities form the organization. This is only possible when an organization adopts innovations in operations and operational excellence as a part of its business strategy. Operational and organizational excellence includes three essential com ponents. Firstly it requires the top management of an organization to have the vision so as to identify the crucial factors at an appropriate time; these factors should be such that they help in adding value to the organization as well as to all the stakeholders including the customers of an organization. Secondly, organizational efficiency also calls upon organizations to achieve excellence and other necessary technological machinery so as to achieve large scale efficiencies in the organization. Thirdly organizational excellence and efficiencies also requires organizations to have the ability to ensure continuous betterment of business operations and its sustainability in the long run. Innovations are also crucial for organizations in their quest for organizational excellence as they not only generate organizational excellence but also help in generating competitive advantage in the form of cost savings and value addition to the product offering. Adopting innovations in processes l ike procurement help in generating cost advantage for an organization whose benefits could be passed on to the consumers to add value and affordability in the product offer

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TEMPLATE Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TEMPLATE - Article Example The results of the research identified that combined sentimental dedication autonomously arbitrates the negative associations between empowerment-promoting and inspiration practices and the overall intentional return. In addition, this article determines the different philosophy of four rivulets of study concerning collective commitment, HR activities and performances and the overall yield. According to the results of the study, it is evident that human resource practices that promote employees’ skills, knowledge and aptitude are positively related to voluntary yield but are not interceded by joint sentimental dedication. Needless to say, this paper offers insights to principals and managers whose objective is to manage overall employee yield. It also offers principals and mangers the confrontations of structuring a group of endowed workers through the employment of creative employment and cultivating of workers’ readiness and aptitude to move across organizational limits. This research offers support for the notion that investments in talents are portable. Considerably, the findings of the research offer a template for decreasing the heightened yield related to enhanced hiring and training ventures. Debatably, techniques that heighten the sentimental dedication of the crucial personnel may counteract the increased turnover from the employment of skill-promoting practices. In organizations, the principals and managers should supplement the skill-promoting activities with motivation-promoting activities to diminish turnover and confine the performance advantages of a better labor force. This article examines the responsibility of principals and managers in implementing a strategic role and decentralization of human resources tasks to the line among the workforce in organizations. This study involves 46 line managers drawn from three organizations in United Kingdom within a period of 2 years. In reference to the results

A Look at Life Before the Internet, and After the Internet Essay Example for Free

A Look at Life Before the Internet, and After the Internet Essay Times have changed, drastically, especially when it comes to the Internet. From banking to dating and from research to shopping, the Internet provides us with such conveniences we rarely need to leave our homes. History should not be defined as B.C. and A.D.; it should be defined as B.I. (before the Internet) and A.I. (after the Internet). I am at an age that has allowed me to experience life with, and without, the Internet. My kids, however, have grown up with the Internet their whole lives. Internet was not an offered course when I attended high school; it is a requirement for 4thgraders at my youngest son’s school. The impact of the Internet on our everyday lives has been miraculous. We no longer have to wait in line at the bank, for the arrival of the newspaper or the 5:00 news on TV, or the phone line to clear to communicate with friends or family. Shopping does not necessarily mean driving to the mall and going to school does not necessarily mean attending classes on campus. We will examine some of the ways the Internet has changed our lives. Let usstart with banking. Before the Internet, banking meant having to wait for your statement to balance your checkbook; going into the bank to transfer funds; and paying your bills by writing checks. Nowadays you can access your bank account(s) online, and most are in real-time, which makebalancing your checkbook very simple. Banks also offer an online bill-pay service, which means you do nothave to write a check. The money transfers from your account directly to the company to which you owe money. Transferring money between accounts can be done online as well. Applying for a loan is another service offered by most banks’ websites, making it possible to receive an answer within minutes. Next, we will discuss the B.I. and A.I.forms of communication.A Look at Life Before the Internet, and After the Internet Times have changed, drastically, especially when it comes to the Internet. From banking to dating and from research to shopping, the Internet provides us with such conveniences we rarely need to leave our homes. History should not be defined as B.C. and A.D.; it should be defined as B.I. (before the Internet) and A.I. (after the Internet). I am at an age that has allowed me to experience life with, and without, the Internet. My kids, however, have grown up with the Internet their whole lives. Internet was not an offered course when I attended high school; it is a requirement for 4thgraders at my youngest son’s school. The impact of the Internet on  our everyday lives has been miraculous. We no longer have to wait in line at the bank, for the arrival of the newspaper or the 5:00 news on TV, or the phone line to clear to communicate with friends or family. Shopping does not necessarily mean driving to the mall and going to school does not necessarily mean attending classes on campus. We will examine some of the ways the Internet has changed our lives. Let usstart with banking. Before the Internet, banking meant having to wait for your statement to balance your checkbook; going into the bank to transfer funds; and paying your bills by writing checks. Nowadays you can access your bank account(s) online, and most a re in real-time, which makebalancing your checkbook very simple. Banks also offer an online bill-pay service, which means you do nothave to write a check. The money transfers from your account directly to the company to which you owe money. Transferring money between accounts can be done online as well. Applying for a loan is another service offered by most banks’ websites, making it possible to receive an answer within minutes. Next, we will discuss the B.I. and A.I.forms of communication.A Look at Life Before the Internet, and After the Internet Times have changed, drastically, especially when it comes to the Internet. From banking to dating and from research to shopping, the Internet provides us with such conveniences we rarely need to leave our homes. History should not be defined as B.C. and A.D.; it should be defined as B.I. (before the Internet) and A.I. (after the Internet). I am at an age that has allowed me to experience life with, and without, the Internet. My kids, however, have grown up with the Internet their whole lives. Internet was not an offered course when I attended high school; it is a requirement for 4thgraders at my youngest son’s school. The impact of the Internet on our everyday lives has been miraculous. We no longer have to wait in line at the bank, for the arrival of the newspaper or the 5:00 news on TV, or the phone line to clear to communicate with friends or family. Shopping does not necessarily mean driving to the mall and going to school does not necessarily mean attending classes on campus. We will examine some of the ways the Internet has changed our lives. Let usstart with banking. Before the Internet, banking meant having to wait for your statement to balance your checkbook; going into the bank to transfer funds; and paying your bills by writing checks. Nowadays you can access your bank account(s) online, and most are in real-time, which makebalancing your  checkbook very simple. Banks also offer an online bill-pay service, which means you do nothave to write a check. The money transfers from your account directly to the company to which you owe money. Transferring money between accounts can be done on line as well. Applying for a loan is another service offered by most banks’ websites, making it possible to receive an answer within minutes. Next, we will discuss the B.I. and A.I.forms of communication.

Medieval England :: essays research papers fc

Medieval England It is said that 'An apple a day keeps the dentist away.' This has become a common saying among Society today. We do not stop to think of how it reflects our outlook of Medicine in our lives. We have come to understand the value of simple practices in order to keep ourselves healthy. This is not, however, the case of Medieval England. Most 'medical practices' of the time were based upon superstition, ancient texts, myth, or the direction of the church. Medical practices of Medieval England often based upon nothing more than superstition proved unbeneficial if not harmful to the people of England. Part of the obvious problem was the fact that the common person had little care or sense for improving their own health. The life and livelihood of an average person was less than desirable even from the time of birth. In the villages chronic inbreeding must have produced many children who started life with a built in weakness, either mental or physical. Many would die in childhood, but others who grew into manhood, might drag out a useless existance, dependent on charity for their sustenance. In general, infant mortality was extremely heavy....Once the child was free to crawl about among the unsanitary rushes, with a child's natural instinct to put everything into its mouth, it is a wonder that any survived. Fromt then on disease and accident would provide ample scope for a medical service, which was virtually non-existent. (Tomkeieff 119). Furthermore, the collective knowledge (what little there was) was held and practiced by Monks in Monasteries. In summary of medical practice to the end of 1400, it may be said medicine was practiced mostly by the clerics in monasteries and the laity whose locus of operation was the apothecary shop. The physician thought surgery was beneath his dignity (to have blood on his hands and clothes) and left this to uneducated 'barbers' The practitioner carried the title 'Master,' whereas teachers carried the title 'Doctor' The physician was little advanced over the knowledge of Galen's time. They still believed in the Doctrine of four humours, making diagnoses by inspection of the blood and urine. Most of the therapeutic measures included blood letting, steam baths, amulets, spells, hexes, prayers, the king's touch, and polypharmacy known as theriaca. (Snyder 1). The problem is furthered by the fact that these 'practices' proved of little benefit. Most of these had no scientific basis and were instead rooted in superstition and/or the church. "The concern of Christian theology, on the other hand, was to cure the soul rather than the body; disease usually was

National High School Essay

Bulua National High School is a leader high school in legislative District 1, located at Barangay Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City which was governed and funded with the Barangay Officials spearheaded by Pedro P. Legaspi. It was in 1970 when the secondary education, Bulua Barrio High School came to an open with two sections in the First year level and the Second year level was opened on the following year until the 4-year high school level was completed. The school was temporarily located at the compound of Bulua Elementary School campus in which they called as squatters. They did not have their permanent classrooms to be used. Sometimes classes were being held under the shades of the Mango and Butterfly trees. They also conduct night classes just to accommodate working students from the neighboring Barangays. Each enrollee was still entitled to pay 10. 00 pesos for the freshmen, 15. 00 pesos for the sophomores, 20. 00 pesos for the juniors and 25. 00 pesos for the seniors every month. The fees were received by the hands of the Barangay treasurer. The school was facilitated with 10 teachers and 1 school in-charge only. It was then in 1985 that BBHS became the PILOT SCHOOL of the 1989 Secondary Education Curriculum headed by its school principal Mrs. Enriqueta C. Pabelic. Year after, BBHS became Bulua National High School (BNHS) which was funded already direct from the National Level under the late President Cory Aquino’s administration. Presently, BNHS is located in its owned 1. 4 hectare approximately lot donated by the late Congressman Pedro Oloy Roa through the joint effort of Barangay Chairman Pedro P. Legaspi and the late DECS – Division P. E Supervisor, Mr. Bernabe Pabellic for its lot acquisition. Introduction The Library Hub is a program by the Department of Education aiming to address the lack of public libraries across the countries by setting up the library hubs. Library Hub is a novel and unique structure in the Philippines educational system, whereby an infrastructure and new reading materials made possible through collaborative partnerships with stakeholders are provided to public school students for free. To date, DepEd has set up about 50 Library Hubs in a very short span of time throughout the country. These Hubs will be servicing thousands of public schools. Books were placed in plastics. The Library Hubs are housed in existing buildings with an area of at least 250 to 300 square meters. A Library Hub is run by a librarian, library clerk, and utility staff and functions as a book warehouse for public schools in a given district. Each Hub lends books to its designated schools, which in turn lend the books to their students. The provision of reading books for free in the hub is not only for public schools but ALS, SPED, barangay centers, etc. It also serves as a â€Å"wholesale† library exclusively servicing elementary/secondary schools within a division. The hubs operate warehouse style, compared to the traditional public library setup–instead of books being individually placed on shelves; they are stored in plastic bins for storage. These bins would then be checked out and brought by teachers and administrators of public schools to their respective public schools, to be returned after twenty-five days. While at the school, these books can be borrowed–or even brought home–by the students until the books are to be returned to the hub. Launched in 2003 by then undersecretary Juan Miguel Luz, the project has now set up library hubs in 32 school divisions all over the country, for a total of around 145 hubs built since 2004. The hubs are financed by both the public and private sector, with major donors having the option to name the hubs whichever way they like. 1. Background of the study The use of computers and various programs are being developed for that certain desire to be done in a short period of time. Manual System for a Library Hub is quite a difficult task to perform. It takes a long period of time in locating and monitoring the availability of the books and can have the tendencies of missing files. That’s why we created this Computerized Library Hub System in order to solve that problem. Our Computerized Library Hub System is a program that is use to update the information about a certain record of books. It allows adding book information immediately and it only takes minutes to search a specific book. It lessens the possibility of missing files unlike the manual system. This system can be able to monitor automatically where, when or who borrowed a book. It also gives more accuracy in processing any transactions. Besides of that, it can help a librarian to work much easier and faster than a manual system. 2. Statement of the Research Problem * A licensed librarian is one of the major concerned problem of Bulua National High School Library Hub. Since they have a what they called â€Å"Acting Librarian† who was also a full time teacher in the school. It takes a long period of time for her to organized the books especially in putting accession number in it and log it in her module. Another concerned is that  the books in the library hub has not been arranged in dewey decimal classification which is the main reason why the personnel in-charge and the students has the difficulty in locating the book and to check its availability. * There’s a possibility that the library hub may encounter following problems such loss of records, repetition of data entry and other important details about the books and the one who borrow the book. * How do they record the books? The students will fill a borrower’s card before they can get the book they want to borrow. Then afterwards the in-charge will log the list of the book that has been used or borrowed in the end of the day in the manual notebook. Unfortunately there are times that the in-charge can’t be able to log or record the borrowed books in the manual notebook. * How do the students know if the books are still available? Knowing that the school don’t have a Dewey Decimal Classification in their books, students have difficulties in searching the specific book and it takes too long for them to wait for the librarian to check unto the logbook whether the book is still available or being borrowed. 3. Statement of Objectives 3. 1General Objectives This project aims to propose and develop a well-structured and computerized library hub system to help the library hub’s transactions easier, more effective and efficient. 3. 2Specific Objectives * To lessen the burden of the user in handling the day by day transactions. * To lessen the possibility of missing files. * To make the process of updating the books efficient and can be done in a short period of time.

Bygone Ohio

The first poem talks about the beauty of Ohio with its people living happily in the comfort of beautiful scenery and clean environment as reflected by the artificial water fall coming out from a pipe connected with the main sewer, the river and the railroad. The poet recalls in his vivid memories how at once he sat on the railroad not far from that ‘waterfall’, just above the main sewer overlooking the river with a ferry traversing on it. But now, as he walks around, that beauty is gone. What the poet sees are the remains of the beauty that he too had enjoyed in the past.What are left are broken walls with lots of cracks, â€Å"while grimed trees and oil cans liters just around. The river fast flowing clean water has now become a lost bath tub. The poet summons up colorfully in his memory the once beautiful Ohio perhaps during his youthful days, but the beauty that the poet once admired is now a Bygone memory of those old men of Winnebago. The wild grimed trees, the cra cks on walls of abandoned barns and the lost bathtub are now just a gleam remains that reminds the old folks of the former beauty of Ohio.The first poem is full of descriptive words describing the beauty of Ohio and the peaceful atmosphere the people enjoyed. The scenic description of the environment reveals that Ohio has not been touched yet by the arms of industrialization. The old men can enjoy the fresh air and the peaceful environment not being crowded by buildings, and individualism and the consumerism culture have not taken its stall yet with the people. The poem uses the elements of poetry to strongly illustrate the impact of utter neglect of the environment for the sake of commercialization or industrialization.The first poem used poetical words such as â€Å"shining water fall out the pipe as somebody might gouge through the slanted earth† to describe clean environment where people actively participated on it. The next four lines of the poem talk about these environ mental interaction. The poem goes as he said, â€Å"Quickened the river with the speed of light and the light caught there, the solid speed of their lives in that waterfall,† where people enjoyed the benefits of the clean and simple environment.The second poem is the reverse scenario of the first poem. The songs of the men of old Winnebago has gone. The clean environment which is reflected by the shining water fall out of the pipe from the main sewer is gone too and is now replaced by oil cans Littering just at the very place where the shining water fall was.. The once river bang filled with people perhaps doing picnics and swimming, is now empty. What was left are â€Å"cold balloons† of lovers. The river which once enjoyed by the people is now â€Å"a body of a lost bath tubs.†The proud houses which once stood nicely along specific places apart from each one as they have relatively small population of only one thousand six hundred families were now abandoned w ith walls each has crack and the trees that serves as shades, are now wiled and grim. The proud houses that once stood nicely as nobody are dwelling in the once beautiful place are gone. In the first poem, the author expressed his feeling and memories of the beautiful Ohio with such poetical description as men of Winnebago singing â€Å"shining† water fall out of the pipe, Martins ferry, my home, my native country, quickened river, with the speed of light.† All these reveal that the author is proud of Ohio. But the second poem also reveals the author’s disappointment about utter neglect and abandonment of this once beautiful place. The author picturesquely describe what it has now turn perhaps after a long years being away. What he now sees are broken walls, wild grim trees, oil cans that litters around and the empty river bang which were at once full of people happily interacting with the environment. Perhaps some lovers are dating and enjoying the scenic beauty of the river, others are swimming while still others are doing family picnic and some maybe fishing.All these are now gone and the author feels lonely as if the place is a cemetery. In the two poems, I like best the first one as it gives me mental picture of what it looks like for most cities now crowded not only with mix races of people but also with tall buildings too. Although the second poem depicts reality in most places but it always good to see nice places, I mean scenic environment. It made me feel good to imagine of fresh air, waterfall, clean river where everybody can swim or fish and lots of trees that provides shadow. The first poem provides the reader a positive imagination that creates interests in such kind of place.The second one creates a feeling of regret, a feeling of frustration and anger why the people allow the deterioration of the beauty of their place. Since most people would not like bad news, or bad place, as it also create negative feeling or bad impressi on, I would rather say that I like and I favor the first poem. It makes me feel good and leave positive outlook not only on environment but in my own life particularly to environmental protection and to those who work hard for this cause. I think I owe them something that I need to do something. That is for the protection of the environment.

Piet Mondrian essays

Piet Mondrian essays In 1872 a man named Piet Mondrian was born in Amersfoort, Netherlands. He grew up interested in painting and the surrounding environment. Following the standard painting style of the time, which was impressionism Mondrian, began painting. He studies at The Amsterdam Academy of Fine Arts. He started off painting calm landscapes painted in grays, pinks, and dark greens. Soon Mondrian became influenced by a style known as cubism. Soon after that he started his own style. This style had a geometric style that he called neoplasticism. Mondrian soon moved to France in 1917 to study art and became the founder of a well know magazine called De Stijl which means The Style This magazine stated his thoughts and theories on his new art form called neoplasticism. He also published a book called The Neo-Plasticisme. With these he greatly influenced modern architecture. His paintings mostly are made up of vertical and horizontal lines at 90 degree angles in prime colors and black. He always painted on white or gray canvas. Modrian really carried abstraction to its limits. He said that art should express only universal absolutes which mean to paint only what is true. So therefore not many paintings of people where painted because it is said that he could not capture the soul of the models and got aggravated. Mondrians most famous painting as called Composition with red, yellow and blue. After living in France for many years Mondrian moved to New York in 1940 to escape the dangers of war. He began experimenting with a new type of art using chain link patterns with bright colors. When Mondrian moved his style became livelier. He stopped with the black lines. This can be seen in his last painting called Broadway Boogie Woogie. A man named Edouard Roditi said Everything in his life was reasoned or calculated. He was a compulsive neurotic and could never bear to see anything disordered or untidy. He seemed to suf...

Types of Fixed Price Contracts

Types of Fixed Price Contracts Fixed price contracts are a bit self-explanatory. You propose a single price to accomplish the work being sought. Once the project is complete the government customer pays you the agreed to price. Your cost to complete the work does not factor into how much you are paid. Types of Fixed Price Contracts Firm Fixed Price or FFP contracts have detailed requirements and a price for the work. The price is negotiated before the contract is finalized and does not vary even if the contractor needs to expend more or less resources than planned. Firm fixed price contracts require the contractor to manage the costs of the work in order to make a profit. If more work than planned is required then the contractor may lose money on the contract. Fixed Price Contract with Incentive Firm Target (FPIF) contract is a firm fixed price type contract (as compared to a cost reimbursable). The fee can vary depending on whether the contract comes in above or below planned cost. These contracts do contain a ceiling price to limit the government’s exposure to cost overruns. Fixed price with economic price adjustment contracts are fixed price contracts but they contain a provision to account for contingencies and changing costs. An example is the contract may contain an adjustment for an annual salary increase. Computing Fixed Price Fixed price contracts can be lucrative or cause a big loss to a company. Computing the proposed fixed price follows a similar to cost plus contract pricing. Study the request for proposals carefully determining the scope of work to be completed, labor categories of personnel needed and materials to be procured. A conservative approach to scoping the work (resulting a higher proposed cost) is preferred to offset the risk level of the work taking more effort and money than planned. However, if you propose too high a price you could lose the contract by not being competitive. Start computing the fixed price you will propose by creating a general work breakdown structure (WBS) for the project. Using the work breakdown structure you can estimate the number of labor hours by labor category needed to complete each phase of the project. Add in the materials, travel and other direct costs to the labor (priced at your labor rates) to get the proposed contract cost. Add fringe, overhead and general administrative rates to the appropriate costs to get the proposed project cost. Fee is then added to the planned cost to obtain the final fixed price you will propose. When deciding the fee take careful account of the amount of risk you have in the project not going at least as well as planned. Any risk of cost overruns should be factored into the fee. If you feel confident you can complete the work in the proposed costs then you can reduce your fee to be more competitive. For example, if the contract is to provide mowing services on base then you can estimate the amount of labor that will be required fairly accurately since the amount of mowing is well defined. If the contract is to develop a new, renewable fuel type for tanks then your risk of incurring more costs than planned is much greater. Fee rates can range from a couple of percent to 15% depending on the risk level. Note that the government and your competitors are also computing the project risk level and the related fee so be reasonable and realistic in your computations. Proposing the Fixed Price Here is where the couple of fixed price contracts come into play. When finalizing the price you will propose know the fee type required in the request for proposals. If an economic adjustment is allowed then you will need to propose what this percentage will be for each year of the contract. This is also called the escalation. Modify the computed fixed price to match the request for proposals and submit your winning proposal.

Ethical dillema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical dillema - Essay Example The patient is from another country. In the culture that she belongs to, it is believed that the males in the family have the right to take all the decisions regarding the family members. The females are not allowed to take any decisions even if it concerns their own health. In my patient’s case, this belief can affect the health outcome for her because instead of depending on her own feelings and health condition, she depended on her husband’s opinion, and gave him the permission to take all the decisions concerning her health. In health system, it is the patient who should tell, and not her relatives, whether her health and physical condition has improved or not, as she is the one who is suffering from the problem. Moreover, the patient can succumb to the pressure from the males in the family and decide to say that her health is improving even if she does not feel any improvement. This could lead to a contraindication when providing the care to this patient as it was not the patient, but her husband, who took the decision regarding her care. Moreover, it can worsen the condition leading to further health complications, and even a threat to the patient’s life. This particular case made me realize how powerful the cultural beliefs are. These restrictive beliefs are followed in the family even when the family members know that they can prove to be fatal to the health of the family members and especially, the females in the

Process-Flow Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Process-Flow Analysis - Term Paper Example The Advanced Products Department (APD), which produces the specialty goods, has reformulated its corporate policy. In the early years, this company has built up and manufactured Echo Weather Satellites, which were launched into space. Three major diversified divisions of this company are: the material division, electrical goods, and advanced goods division. This study consists of company overview, SWOT analysis conclusion and recommendation regarding the company. Company Overview: Shipper Manufacturing Company has commenced its business in 1984 as a small organization, manufacturing bare copper wire in Missouri and Sikeston. With only a small number of workers the company started to market goods to electrical distributors in the area of Midwest. From this small beginning, they have developed as a large scale copper wire producer, offering a wide range of wire and cable merchandise to wholesale electrical dispensers across the nation. Nowadays, they also produce laminated equipment an d specialty products such as connectors’ conduits etc. Shipper Manufacturing Company holds a â€Å"Voice of the Consumer Exercise† where interval and external consumer expectations and needs are brainstormed, communicated. Thereby, they make endeavors to guarantee consumer satisfaction and integrate client specifications into the merchandise engineering procedure by doing a â€Å"House of Quality Exercise†. Shipper manufacturing business possesses a manual scheme in its procedures that adds the human ingredient. Frequently, this human ingredient entails mix up or incompetence by causing delays in the manufacturing process as a result of operator mistake and negligence. â€Å"Companies that previously made decisions based on the likelihood that enough defense business would be available to justify ongoing investment in plants, equipment, technology and skilled personnel face the prospect of little or no business. Loss of a single competition could drive a compan y out of a line of business entirely or prompt it to leave the defense sector† (Blakey, 2011, p. 4). SWOT Analysis: Identifying the Strengths and Weaknesses before tackling the Opportunities and Threats is the best method to approach the analysis. The more dominant the Strengths and Opportunities the better they can both be seen as the better achievement of this company. The purpose is to be in a position where it can decide a plan for the future to improve their overall performance. Strengths: Present financial position is quite stable. Availability of skilled labor force. Most recent machinery installed Own properties Outstanding transport links Non-threatening/little competition Weaknesses: Producers take indirect ways to reach their warehouses. The lack of feasible alternative routes when normal routes are blocked during manufacture. Stock problems Opportunities: Advancing globalization More flexible tax regimes Increasingly mobile workforce â€Å"New corporate strategies and processes are required to deal with an industry which is being reshaped through market consolidation and shifts in the balance of world trade† (Opportunities and Challenges for the Shipping Industries, 2007, para. 1). Threats: A high level of financial expansion would normally lead to high demand for manufacturing raw materials, which in turn will increase exports and imports. The shipper manufacturi

Does it matter whether or not firms pay dividends Why Essay - 1

Does it matter whether or not firms pay dividends Why - Essay Example Therefore, managers should make dividend payouts very consciously regarding the increase of dividend payouts. If they make any wrong decision regarding revised dividend payout, then they have to cancel the increase in dividend in a special announcement to the shareholders. This is substantial impact of change in dividend payout in stock price of companies as well as perceived value and goodwill of a firm. This is one of the most important and debated topic of behavioural finance. Dividend payout also signals the confidence of the companies, which directly affect the stock price. But the main fact that needs to be analysed is that whether dividend payment matters to the companies or not. This topic receives ample of arguments from investors, financial analysts etc. Three different types of views have been found over the argument on this topic. People, who are on the right site of this argument, claim that higher dividend payout generally makes the shareholders and investors better off . At the same time the people who are on the left side on this argument, believe that higher dividend payout may reduce the firm value in future. The people in the middle of the road of this argument say that change in dividend policy does not affect the firm’s value (Brealey, Myers and Allen, 2011, p.35). Irrelevance of dividend policy This topic of whether dividend payment matters the firms had sparked much debate by the financial analysts and the investors. Some individual investors argued that there is no positive or negative relationship between dividend payment and firm’s value. One of the most important theories related to this financial argument was Miller and Modigliani theory which is referred as MM theory of dividend signalling. These two researchers had published their... According to the MM hypothesis, market value of a company determines the market value of assets that the company has and cash flow of the company. Therefore, if total payout increases then shareholders have to fill up gap and generally it can be made up by issuing new shares. However, if the company wants to unchanged the dividend payout then dividend payout will decrease as no of issued share increases. Therefore, the shareholders can repurchase shares to get the same money back as dividend. In this way, it can be said that increasing dividend payment may reduce shareholders’ gain. Before the publication of MM theories, people who are in the right side of this argument believed that higher dividend leads to increase in firm value as well as shareholders’ payoffs. These people prefer to invest only those companies that pay higher dividend because they think there are some natural calamities in the stocks of higher dividend payouts. Shareholders are more cautious in thei r investments and they generally prefer profitable as well as safe investment in terms of the large multinational companies.

The Effects Of Transformational Leadership Education Essay

The Effects Of Transformational Leadership Education Essay In recent years, educational leaders have been voicing concerns about higher burnout rates among special education teachers as compared with teachers in general education (Fore, Martin, Bender, 2002). Many factors contribute to burnout in special education. Increased teaching workloads, shrinking school budgets, increasing demands for accountability, and disruptive students are often blamed (Byrne, 1994; Fore et al., 2002). The recession that took place in the United States in 2007 has significantly exacerbated these issues. Teachers, including special educators, must cope with the issues that come from difficult economic times. As budget tightens, teachers have to face layoffs or are being forced to take pay cuts and unpaid furlough days (Oliff Johnson, 2010). They have to worry about providing for themselves and also putting in the time and effort to promote a conductive learning environment for their students. This makes them stressful and reduces their morale to teach to the be st of their capabilities (Reeves, 2010). Furthermore, special education teachers are asked to do more with less than before this includes rising teacher pupil ratios (Center for Public Education, 2010). In special education, this means teachers have to teach students with a broader range of disabilities and grade levels. Moreover, teachers are unable to use as many of the same resources that they used before, and the school supplies, materials, and other resources that have previously been given are slowly being taken back (Center for Public Education, 2010). With the end of the federal stimulus funds that helped prevent severe education cuts, many school districts will face a more stressful budget shortfall in the next few years (Husch, Banton, Cummings, Mazer, Sigritz, 2010). All these problems can make special educators more vulnerable to burnout. Burnout has been defined as a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a reduced sense of personal accomplishment (Leiter Maslach, 1988, p. 297). Emotional exhaustion refers to the feelings of being drained or used up by the clients (Maslach Jackson, 1981). Emotional exhaustion also is identified as feelings of strain, particularly chronic fatigue resulting from overtaxing work (Hakanen, Bakker, Schaufeli, 2006, p. 498). Teachers who have experienced this sense of emotional exhaustion report feeling dread at the thought of having to put in another day on the job and often put distance between themselves and coworkers and students (Schwab, Jackson, Schuler, 1986, p. 15). This distancing of oneself from the students is the second aspect of burnout, depersonalization (Schwab et al., 1986). Leiter and Maslach (1988) defined depersonalization as developing an unfeeling and callous response toward clients. Depersonalization is also referred to as cynicism, indifferent, or a distant attitude toward work in general and the people with whom one works (Hakanen et al., 2006). The third aspect of burnout is reduced personal accomplishment (Leiter Maslach, 1988). Workers tend to have a negative appraisal of themselves as well as their work with clients (Maslach Jackson, 1981). Teachers who suffer from burnout are unable to function effectively in their jobs, unable to give much of themselves to students, and frequently exhibit negative, cynical, and callous attitudes toward their jobs (Byrne, 1993). A number of studies have shown that teacher burnout may lower student achievement. Teachers who experience job burnout are more likely to criticize students, which in turn reduce students self-efficacy, motivation to learn, completeness of understanding, and creativity (Huberman Vandenberghe, 1999; Maslach Leiter, 1999). Researchers found teachers who experience burnout have reduced motivation, impaired performance, and higher rates for leaving the teachi ng profession (Byrne, 1993; Fore et al., 2002; Schwab et al., 1986). The vital role that supervisors play in affecting teachers propensity towards burnout was observed in research (Russell, Altmaier, Van Velzen, 1987; Sarros Sarros, 1992; Zabel Zabel, 2001). Supportive supervisors are likely to provide positive feedback concerning supervisees skills and abilities, which may make them less vulnerable to burnout. Russell et al. (1987) reported teachers who felt support and received positive feedback from supervisors were less vulnerable to burnout. Zabel and Zabel (2001) showed special education teachers were less likely to experience burnout when they receive more support from administrators, peers, and parents. According to Sarros and Sarros (1992), the importance of supervisor and principal support cannot be underestimated as a critical resource for addressing teacher burnout. Rose (1998) found that incidence of burnout can be reduced by high-quality leader-member exchange relationships. Positive contact with supportive supervisors is also a strong deterrent to the factors that lead to burnout. According to Leiter and Maslach (1988), unpleasant contacts with supervisors were associated with all three aspects of burnout. Their research showed that stressful interactions with supervisors lead to emotional exhaustion that causes depersonalization, which in turn leads to diminished feelings of personal accomplishment. However, little research has focused on the relationship between transformational leadership style of supervisors and burnout dimensions, and the empirical evidence is inconclusive. One possible reason for the inconclusive evidence is that previous literature overlooks a psychological mechanism that may be a powerful mediator to account for the relationship. In addition, very few studies have investigated the effect of transformational leadership style of supervisors on burnout among special education teachers. The purpose of this paper was to fill the gap by examining the relationship between transformational leadership style of supervisors and teacher burnout in special education while accounting for the mediating role of teachers calling. Literature Review Transformational Leadership and Job Burnout Transformational leadership. Transformational leadership theory is central to understanding the relationship between transformational leadership style of supervisors and the levels of burnout among special education teachers in this study. According to Fry (2003), transformational leadership is an intrinsically based motivational process whereby leaders engage followers to create a connection that raises the level effort and moral aspiration in both (p. 702). Northouse (2004) proposed transformational leadership refers to the process whereby an individual engages with others and creates a connection that raises the level of motivation and morality in both the leader and the follower (p. 170). Transformational leaders inspire followers to achieve positive outcomes by giving meaning to their work and understanding their personal needs (Boerner, Eisenbeiss, Griesser, 2007). The transformational leadership theory identifies four behaviors such as inspirational motivation, idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration that motivate followers intrinsically to give their best efforts and change their attitudes toward their work (Bass, 1999). Bass described idealized influence as shown by leaders whose behaviors can serve as an example to be emulated by followers and encourage followers to perform their best (Bass, Avolio, Jung, Berson, 2003). Furthermore, transformational leaders provide one with a sense of making a difference through service to others by emphasizing the importance of purpose, commitment, and the ethical consequences of decisions. Such leaders are admired as role models; they generate pride, loyalty, confidence, and alignment around a shared purpose (Bass, 1997, p. 133). Bass (1997) described that inspirational motivation is displayed by leaders who articulate an appealing vision of the future, challenge followers with high standards, talk optimistically and with enthusiasm, and provide encouragement and meaning for what needs to be done (p. 133). In doing so, transformational leaders lift up the efforts and work morale of their followers through enhancing the sense of calling, which in turn help improve individual productivities and organizational outcomes. Transformational leaders empower their followers by developing them into high involvement individuals (Bass, 1999, p. 9) and followers will transcend their own self-interests for the good of the organization (Bass, 1985, p. 15). Individualized consideration is described as leaders [who] deal with others as individuals; consider their individual needs, abilities and aspirations; listen attentively; further their development; advise; teach; and coach (Bass, 1997, p. 133). Transformational leaders pay attention to followers needs and support and coach their growth through individualized consideration. The leaders can help followers analyze their work-related problems and seek possible solutions. As a consequence, the transformational leadership helps prevent the feeling of being strained (i.e., emotional exhaustion) or distancing themselves from coworkers and students (i.e., depersonalization), and increase the assessment of their personal accomplishment. Intellectual stimulation is demonstrated when leaders [who] question old assumptions, traditions, and beliefs; stimulate in others new perspectives and ways of doing things; and encourage the expression of ideas and reasons (Bass, 1997, p. 133). Transformational leaders stimulate followers to be innovative and creative in approaching old situations in new ways through intellectual stimulation (Bass et al., 2003). This transformational behavior lessens the burnout symptoms such as cynicism and negativism and a tendency to be rigid, and inflexible in thinking (Freudenberger, 1977). These four transformational leadership behaviors can ease followers the feelings of emotional depletion and loss of motivation and commitment. Transformational leadership and burnout. Research is mixed on the relationship between leadership styles and burnout. Seltzer, Numerof, and Bass (1989) showed that transformational leadership style helped reduce burnout, while management-by-exception leadership did the opposite in a sample of employed MBA students. Corrigan, Diwan, Campion, and Rashid (2002) found that transformational leadership had a negative relationship with burnout among mental health professionals. However, Stordeur, Dhoore, and Vandenbergh (2001) contended that transformational leadership and contingent reward had no relationship with emotional exhaustion among hospital nursing staff. Hetland, Sandal, and Johnsen (2007) found that transformational leadership was not related to emotional exhaustion, and transactional leadership had no relationship with any of the three dimensions of burnout. Existing literature indicated a need for further study of the mechanism through which transformational leadership had an impact on burnout, particularly in the school setting (Gill, Flaschner, Shachar, 2006; Griffith, 2004; Hetland et al., 2007). Calling and Burnout Calling. Calling, as defined by Fry (2003) is the experience of transcendence or how one makes a difference through service to others and, in doing so, derives meaning and purpose in life (p. 703). Fry posits that calling is a critical part of workplace spiritual well-being that provides one a sense of making a difference and therefore that ones life has meaning (p. 714). Followers who experience a sense of calling are more committed to their organization and more productive in their workplace. Markow and Klenke (2005) defined calling as work performed out of a strong sense of inner direction (p. 12). Calling is often described as something that pertains to careers that an individual sees as promoting the greater good or being meaningful to society (Duffy Sedlacek, 2007). Baumeister (1991) discussed the job-career-calling concept in Meanings of Life. Baumeister stated that those who view work as a job perform tasks solely to obtain things that they want. He also stated that this att itude is often prevalent among lower classes, who tend to be people with less education. In contrast, a person with a calling feels compelled to perform a kind of work, whether it is from a higher calling (as is often stated in association with religion) or a calling to meet a societal need (for example, higher military enlistment rates after Pearl Harbor). A calling might also come from an individuals inner sense of having a special talent or gift. A calling satisfies the need for being valuable to others and society. A calling engenders a great deal of personal meaning, linking a vocation and an individuals value base. According to Bellah, Madsen, Sullivan, Swidler, and Tipton (2008), a calling is when work becomes inseparable from the individuals life and character. The person works for the fulfillment that doing the work brings to the individual. A calling links a person to the larger community, and the person is making a contribution to the entire community. In Fry, Nisiewicz, Vitucci, and Cedillo (2007) study, calling can be enhanced by giving employees recognition can do this, along with giving them a sense of worth through service and a positive attitude (p. 20). Transformational leadership and calling. Transformational leadership is a motivation-based theory of how to move the organization toward its desired future. Transformational leaders motivate followers by raising their levels of consciousness about the importance of goals (Northouse, 2004). The most important role that the transformational leader plays is to paint a vision of a desired future state and communicate it in a way that causes followers to believe and have faith in the vision of organizational transformation to make the pain of change worth the effort (Fry, 2003, p. 702). A literature review revealed that the vision exhibited by spiritual leaders is predictive of ones sense of calling (Fry, 2003; Fry et al., 2007; Fry, Vitucci, Cedillo, 2005; Malone Fry, 2003). Fry (2003) suggested creating a compelling vision that has a broad appeal to key stakeholders, defines the destination and journey, reflects high ideals, encourages hope/faith, and establishes a standard of excellence provides followers with a sense of calling that motivates them to believe that they make a difference to other people (p. 695). A transformational leader who also possesses these qualities develops a vision and communicates it effectively through exemplary leadership behaviors such as idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation to their followers. Consequently, followers have hope and derive meaning and purpose in their experiences. For example, Fry (2003) explained that the vision displayed by a spiritual leader incl udes establishing a standard of excellence which builds followers confidence and trust in leaders. As mentioned earlier, this behavior is a characteristic of idealized influence. Transformational leadership moves followers beyond immediate self-interests to a shared vision and mission in the organization through idealized influence. The vision also vividly portray a journey that, when undertaken, will give me a sense of calling, of ones life having meaning and making a difference (Fry, 2003, p. 718). This quality is a characteristic of inspirational motivation that awakens intrinsic motivation of followers (Boerner et al., 2007). According to Bass (1999), followers under transformational leaders are generally more self-assured and find more meaning in their work. Consequently, teachers will find personal meaning in their work or feel called to their work. Coladarci (1992) posited that teaching is viewed as a profession with high initial commitment and is a calling for many entering the profession. Teachers who find personal meaning in their work or feel called to their work have a deep commitment to their profession (Hakanen et al., 2006). The great value they find in teaching and the feeling that they are helping others and working toward the greater good of society may reduce the feelings of strain and distancing of themselves from the students (i.e., depersonalization), and raise the evaluations of their personal accomplishment. Fry proposed a causal framework that the followers sense of calling is predictive of the organizational outcomes, such as commitment and productivity. Based on the theory of calling, the present study hypothesizes that teachers who have a high level of calling will experience low emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and high personal accomplishment. Mediating effect of calling. Though existing literature indicated a direct effect of transformational leadership on levels of burnout, this study proposes that the linkage between transformational leadership and burnout may be indirect, or intervened by the sense of calling. According to Fry (2003), the followers sense of calling mediated the relationship between the vision exhibited by a spiritual leader and the organizational outcomes, such as commitment and productivity. Fry et al. (2005) examined a newly formed Apache Longbow helicopter attack squadron and found strong empirical evidence that calling is a mediator between the qualities of spiritual leadership and organizational outcomes, such as loyalty and productivity. Followers who have a higher sense of calling are more committed to their organizations and more productive. Malone and Fry (2003) conducted a longitudinal field study of elemental schools and found that spiritual leadership had a significant impact on organizatio nal commitment and unit productivity mediated by the sense of calling. In Markow and Klenkes (2005) study, calling mediates the relationship between personal meaning and organizational commitment. Fry et al.s (2007) study of a municipal government revealed that ones sense of calling is a mediator of the relationship between the vision of a leader and organizational commitment and productivity. Fry, Hannah, Noel, and Walumbwa (2011) found that organizational commitment and unit performance were fully mediated by the sense of calling by studying a sample of cadets at the United States Military Academy. Therefore, this study hypothesizes that transformational leaders exert their effects on job burnout among special educators through the sense of calling. Given that teaching is a field where many express a sense of calling, the extent that calling accounts for the relation between transformational leadership and burnout among special educators needs to be explored. One of the most powerful influences that transformational leaders have on followers is to create a compelling vision that provides one with a sense of calling through service to others, and therefore find meaning and purpose in life. Transformational leadership fosters a positive work attitude and provides followers with a sense of meaning in their work, which in turn boosts their intrinsic motivation and energy and enables them to perform their best. Control Variables and Burnout Studies on demographic variables, i.e., gender, age, and race, and their relation to burnout have shown differing outcomes. Maslach (1982) stated that women tended to experience more emotional exhaustion, yet men are more likely to exhibit depersonalization behaviors. Brewer and McMahan (2004) also reported that women were more prone to job stress and burnout than men. However, Maslach and Jackson (1981) reported no relationship between gender and burnout. Several studies have associated burnout with age, with burnout usually affecting the younger employees (Brewer McMahan, 2004; Maslach Jackson, 1981; Russell et al., 1987). No findings have supported a difference in burnout among ethnic groups (Brewer McMahan, 2004; Maslach, 1982). In Kilgore and Griffins (1998) study, they found less experienced special educators had more burnout. Method Hypotheses Based on the above discussion, the following hypotheses were formulated for testing the mediating effect of calling on the relationship between transformational leadership and burnout of special educators: H1: Transformational leadership is negatively related to emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and is positively related to personal accomplishment among special educators. H10: Transformational leadership is not negatively related to emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and is not positively related to personal accomplishment among special educators. H2: Transformational leadership is positively related to the calling. H20: Transformational leadership is not positively related to the calling. H3: Calling is negatively related to special educators emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and is positively related to personal accomplishment. H30: Calling is not negatively related to special educators emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and is not positively related to personal accomplishment. H4: Calling mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and each of the three dimensions of burnout. H40: Calling does not mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and any of the three dimensions of burnout. Participants and Data Collection The sample in the study consisted of special education teachers who exclusively teach special education students in Maryland non-public and public separate day schools in Anne Arundel County. Separate day schools refer to those that enroll students between six and 21 years old who spend greater than 50% of the school day in a separate day facility that does not serve students without disabilities (Maryland State Department of Education, 2010). These schools are primarily self-contained facilities, not residential facilities.  The subjects were recruited through the MANSEF (Maryland Association of Nonpublic Special Education Facilities) network of non-public private special education schools as well as public separate day schools in Anne Arundel County. This population of teachers works with students with disabilities that preclude them from receiving education services in regular education classrooms within public schools. Initial contact was made through the MANSEF director and th e Director of Special Education of Anne Arundel County. Further contact was made with the educational directors of these schools to discuss the proposed study. The directors were informed of all of the information that would be required of the teachers (e.g., signature on Informed Consent, a short demographic questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Teachers, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, and the Calling Scale). Once the directors agreed to have the study conducted in their schools, the survey packets were disseminated to the directors for distribution to the teachers. Each packet had a cover letter that provides an introduction of the research project and invites teachers to participate in the study. Teachers were asked to sign the Informed Consent prior to their participation of the study. Stamped addressed envelopes were provided in each packet for teachers to return their completed surveys. Teachers who declined to participate or partially complete the survey s were not included in the study. Each of the surveys was distributed and collected in the same manner to ensure consistency in data collection. According to Gall, Gall, and Borg (2003), consistency in data collection procedures is essential for reliability. It was estimated that it would take approximately twenty minutes to complete these three measurements and the short demographic questionnaire. To ensure confidentiality, all questionnaires were completed anonymously, and only a coding number rather than a name was used to designate each respondent. No other personal identification information such as social security numbers, telephone numbers, and addresses were solicited on these questionnaires. All survey forms were locked up in a safe place. The size of the population was estimated at 700 non-public special educators in MANSEF schools and an additional 100 special educators in Anne Arundel County separate day schools. That makes the total estimated population of 800 special educators. Although all of the directors granted permission for the survey to be administered in her or his school, actual teacher participation was voluntary. As a result, a total of 256 teachers from 35 MANSEF schools (n = 250) and two Anne Arundel County separate day schools (n = 6) returned their completed surveys anonymously, which yielded a 32% response rate of the estimated population. Measurements Maslach burnout inventory for teachers. The construct of teacher burnout was measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Teachers (MBI Form Ed: Maslach, Jackson, Schwab, 1986). The MBI consists of 22 statements regarding attitudes and feelings about work (Maslach Jackson, 1981). There are nine items relating to emotional exhaustion, five items relating to depersonalization, and eight items relating to personal accomplishment (Maslach Jackson, 1981). The participants responded to the statements based on a 7-point frequency scale (0 = never, 6 = every day). Examples of statements included in the survey include I feel emotionally drained from work and I feel very energetic (Maslach et al., 1986). The MBI produces three areas of scores: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment (Leiter Maslach, 1988). As discussed earlier, these factors have been identified as major indicators of burnout and the MBI has been used extensively in studies examining burnout ( Byrne, 1993; Fore et al., 2002; Gill et al., 2006; Hakanen et al., 2006; Leiter Maslach, 1988; van Dick Wagner, 2001). Maslach and Jackson (1981) reported that the reliability of the subscales range from .71 to .90 using Cronbachs coefficient alpha. The test-retest reliability ranges from .53 to .89 (Maslach Jackson, 1981). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. The construct of transformational leadership was measured by the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X-Short) developed by Avolio, Bass, and Jung (1999). The subordinates rated their leaders on 45 leadership items on a 5-point frequency scale (0 = never, 4 = frequently if not always). The MLQ is comprised of nine subscales, which assess a full range of leadership styles such as transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leaderships. Although measured, the constructs of transactional and laissez-faire leadership behaviors were not included in the regression analyses as the preliminary analysis did not show a correlation between these two leadership styles and job burnout. According to de Vaus (2001), a correlation between two variables is a pre-requisite for establishing a causal relationship (p. 179). The five subscales used to identify transformational leadership style are: (1) idealized attributes, (2) idealized behaviors, (3) inspirational motivation, (4) intellectual stimulation, and (5) individualized consideration (Bass et al., 2003). For the subscale idealized attributes, an example item is (my supervisor) goes beyond self-interest for the good of the group. An example item pertaining to the subscale idealized behaviors is (my supervisor) specifies the importance of having a strong sense of purpose. An example item that measures the subscale inspirational motivation is (my supervisor) articulates a compelling vision of the future. The subscale intellectual stimulation includes items such as (my supervisor) seeks differing perspectives when solving problems. An example item for the individualized considerations subscale is (my supervisor) spends time teaching and coaching. The supervisor received a score on each of the five subscales, and together, those allowed for describi ng how frequently he or she engaged in transformational leadership behaviors. For example, high scoring supervisors displayed transformational leadership behaviors more frequently than those low scorers. Bass and Avolio (2000) reported reliabilities of the subscales ranging from .74 to .91 based on Cronbachs coefficient alpha. Calling. The construct of calling was measured by the Calling Scale developed by Markow and Klenke (2005) based on Baumeisters (1991) work. Respondents provided ratings on twelve items that assess three subscales such as job, calling, and career on a seven point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 7 = a great deal). As discussed earlier, the major purpose of this study is to examine the mediating role of teachers calling on the relationship between transformational leadership and job burnout, therefore, only the calling subscale was included in the analysis. The subscale of calling was measured by six items, such as I feel that I must do the work I do it is part of who I am and the work that I do expresses truths and values that I believe are important (Markow Klenke, 2005). Markow and Klenke reported that the scale demonstrated an internal consistency reliability of .88. Control variables. Teachers were asked to fill out a short demographic questionnaire. It included items asking about gender, age, and years in teaching. There was also a question asking whether the teacher was a public or non-public employee. Based on the research, demographic variables do not have a consistent relationship with burnout. Data Analysis Data were analyzed using one SPSS file combining all instruments to examine the effects of transformational leadership and calling on job burnout among special education teachers. Descriptive statistics were produced to summarize the demographic data as well as survey measurements in this study. Pearson Product-Moment Coefficients were also computed to determine the correlation among study variables. To determine whether transformational leadership has an indirect effect mediated by calling on the various dimensions of teachers burnout, a mediation model was tested (Baron Kenny, 1986). A mediation model is to identify the mechanism through which an independent variable accounts for the variation of a dependent variable. To clarify the meaning of mediation, a path diagram was used to describe the relationship among independent variable, mediator, and dependent variable. Panels A and B in Figure 1 illustrated the designated paths of a direct effect and a total effect, where transformational leadership is the predictor variable, burnout is the outcome variable, calling is the mediating variable. a is the pathway from transformational leadership to calling, b is the pathway from calling to burnout, c (Panel A) is the direct effect of transformational leadership on burnout, controlling for the effect of the mediator, calling, and c (Panel B) is the total effect of transformational le adership, without controlling for the effect of the mediator. R2 was reported to measure the faction of the total variance explained by the model. To get over the overestimation problem of R2, adjusted R2 was also reported to measure the variability in the outcome that the model explains in the population rather than the sample (Tabachnick Fidell, 2007). This study conducted two methods to examine the extent to which calling accounts for the relationship between transformational leadership and burnout. First, this study followed the four-step procedure recommended by Baron and Kenny (1986) to assess the mediation hypothesis of calling. Second, this study performed a more statistically rigorous bootstrapping method to examine the mediating effect of calling on the relationship between transformational leadership and job burnout. Bootstrapping is a nonparametric approach to effect-size estimation and hypothesis testing that makes no assumptions about the shape of the distributions o