Civil Rights Movement in the United States: The Effects of the Civil Rights Movement on Race Relations within the United States

The Jim Crow System is a system in and through which the central idea is â€Å"differentiation†. This differentiation is done on the basis of ethnicity or race. Differentiation entails the recognition that races are different and as such, it creates a political setting that â€Å"separates† races such as the Whites from the Blacks. In addition to this, it also separates and ultimately, limits or confines races such as the Blacks to a social sphere with corresponding social functions that are imposed on them. The Civil Rights Movement may be seen as a result of such a differentiation and segregation within the social sphere that it reflects the recognition of the unjust and inhumane aspect of such methods of social differentiation and social segregation. After the said movement, it has been argued that racial differentiation and segregation no longer exists within the United States, and due to this [in a sense] the Civil Rights Movement has been successful. However, there are several contentions to such a perspective. First, the effects of the expedited implementation of civil rights on all facets and areas of society, especially in the North, combined with the break from the traditional means of social integration helped spark the violent white backlash of the 1970’s. The White Backlash is a â€Å"reactionary populism† involving the middle, working class moved by a sense of â€Å"threat† regarding the policies implemented during the time. Thus, race and racism are not to be seen as the main factors involved for they cannot account for the White Backlash in a manner that is altogether acceptable. It is of equal importance that we take into consideration the fact that the White’s resistance to the policies implemented during the time was also brought about by a general feeling of threat and the idea of being displaced in their communities. The discussions regarding racial segregation in schools and communities and forced busing further strengthens this point. Another issue of vital importance that may be related to the idea of â€Å"gentrification†. This refers to the Whites reactionary stance on the implemented policies generated feelings of â€Å"threat†; regarding both their sense of security and sense of community. It is important to note that the very idea and experience of homelessness, being evicted from one’s immediate environment and his or her social and political milieu is degrading for the evicted families and individuals. The aforementioned experience generates feelings of powerlessness, anxiety, and oppression. In American history, gentrification is considered as a mechanism for the revitalization or rehabilitation of the casualties brought about by wars and conflicts both from external and internal threats. Examples of such destructive courses in history are World War I and World War II. Gentrification, as viewed by Smith, results in the â€Å"displacement† of lower income people such as laborers by the well-to-do or the middle class in the process of rehabilitating, revitalizing, and upgrading of deteriorated urban property. â€Å"In so far as gentrification obliterates working class communities, displaces poor households and converts whole neighborhoods into bourgeois enclaves, the frontier ideology rationalizes social differentiation and exclusion as natural and inevitable† (Smith, 1992, p. 2). These ideas strengthen the general view that the White Backlash is largely the reaction of the social classes in the middle and lowest strata, the working class White Bostonians since the elites are in his words â€Å"exempted from the start†. The feeling of threat and the fear of displacement in their communities, these are important factors to consider as to why the Whit e Backlash occurred. The problem with the frontier ideology and the process of gentrification, as I reckon, is that they pose serious threats on the very notion of a â€Å"shared history†. As the materially-driven real estate industries and markets continue to flourish and the advent of deindustrialization, the easier it displaces low-income people from their immediate social environment, social and political milieu; thus, endangering the very notion of a shared history. In contrast to such claims Weisbrot (1990) claims that although certain forms of injustice still exists what is important to consider are the facets of social change resulting from the aforementioned movement. He claims, â€Å"Like other reform movements the crusade for racial justice inevitably fell short of the utopian goals that sustained it. Still, if†¦ (it) is judged by the distance it traveled†¦a record of substantial achievement unfolds† (1990, p. 339). Such achievement involve school desegregation and the securing of representation and voting rights. In addition to this, Weisbrot argued that such developments may be seen as the result of the development of tolerance and hence pluralism within the American community. He claims that as a result of the aforementioned movement, pluralism is â€Å"more firmly rooted in American values than ever before† (1990, p. 342). However, the fast-paced implementation [that is, of the recognition of civil rights be regarded as fundamental rights that ought to be granted to every citizen of the state and not only to a selected few, the Whites] unraveled structures and ideologies of society too fast [most importantly the historically embedded ideas of race and class] without providing or setting up new structures for what was unraveled. This presents the second critique to the assumed success of the Civil Rights Movement. Third, educational equality and racial equality were never achieved in the expedited implementation of the civil rights through desegregation, forced busing and affirmative action policies. The federal government was forcing busing, economics, and housing all at the same time. This leads to Wicker’s point that the problem with the integration plan was how extensive it was and how difficult it was to implement. This is precisely because of the aforementioned reasons, which serve as warrants to my second argument. The question regarding the expedited implementation of such policies fails to consider that such radical changes will result to devastating consequences. The problem is, so to speak, much more complex. As Wicker suggests, â€Å"economic as well as political empowerment if African-American disadvantages†¦are to be overcome† (1996, p. 347). The problem with the Civil Rights Movement is that it was not universal. It was not universal in the sense that the Blacks themselves are not unified in their struggles for racial justice and liberation. It was not able to gain an inter-subjective consensus not only from human rights advocates but also most especially from the Blacks themselves. The movement lacks what may be called a unity of purpose which entails unified and collective actions. This is in accordance with Wicker’s argument regarding the failure of the aforementioned movement. Wicker (1996) contends that the Civil Rights Movement failed to enable racial integration due to the â€Å"continuing separation of whites and blacks into hostile and unequal classes† which leads to â€Å"political deadlock, economic inequity, and social rancor that mark American life† (p. 345). In summary, although the implementation of civil rights on all facets and areas of society created â€Å"changes† on the realms of the social, political, and economic but there remains a question whether such huge and radical changes are â€Å"effective† since the phenomenon in itself is deeply embedded in the culture of the American society. True, the American society and its political culture do have problems. In the case of racial and educational equality and the expedited implementation of the civil rights, however, the issues are more intricate. In order for racial inequalities to end, American society must be prepared for huge and radical changes

Design of Compressed Natural Gas Cylinders

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter [ 2 ] provides a description of the undertaking and an overview of surveies related to laminated force per unit area vas. It surveys the literature covering with the design and research work on different composite stuffs. It besides reviews the laminate analysis in the visible radiation of classical failure theories. Furthermore it tends to cover the impact of multilayered subdivisions of heterogenous stuff along with the fibre orientation on the stress distribution of force per unit area vas. It besides contain process to plan composite force per unit area vas in the visible radiation of old findings in the existing literature. This chapter besides include the methodological analysis to continue on the undertaking and behavior analysis utilizing Matlab a clip tested package.2.2 Project DescriptionThe usage of metal based CNG cylinders are popularly turning with heightening fatal hazards and menaces manifolds. In Pakistan, the usage of metal based CNG cylinder are turning really fast and therefore adding to multifaceted inadvertent hazards due to low quality criterion cylinders and their mishandling. The grounds behind these effects are use of low quality dyer's rocket and expired kits. A careful estimation shows that out of 10 metal CNG cylinders four are at hazard due to chance of blast and fatal accidents in private and public conveyance vehicles. These in fact are going beginning of serious menaces to human life and cultivate the demand to look into and convey frontward an alternate safe solution. For this intent, metal CNG cylinders may necessitate to be replaced and composite or other stuffs may be the best solution. We will research the chance of composite CNG cylinder under this undertaking. This predominating state of affairs in Pakistan emphasiss on the demand to look into the failing of metal based CNG cylinder and come up with an alternate feasible solution non merely stronger plenty than metal based CNG cylinders but besides cut down the hazard of fatal accidents and life menaces to the consumer. In other words, there is a demand to carry on empirical probe that help us to convey and alternate safe and strong beginning of CNG cylinder fabrication based on composite or other stuffs and compare its viability and strength with the bing metal based CNG cylinder. This survey seek to bridge bing spread in CNG cylinder fabrication and propose some feasible solution to get the better of by taking the restraints with an purpose to hold a feasible alternate solution of high strength, environmental friendly composite CNG cylinder. The undertaking attempt to supply a hazard free competitory merchandise. In this respect, we considered Carbon/Epoxy for the most optimized conseque nces with the high facet of strength and high weight decrease of CNG cylinder. For farther betterment optimisation of wall thickness and fiber orientation is besides be done. We will prove each bed of laminated force per unit area vas with the application of Tsai-Hill failure standards. This application will surely assist us to plan a hazard free composite CNG cylinder. The survey will continue with the specific aim enlisted in to following subdivision.2.3 Aims of the surveyThe chief aim of this survey is to look into the failings of bing metal based CNG cylinder and convey up an alternate feasible solution non merely stronger plenty than metal based CNG cylinders but besides cut down the hazard of fatal accidents and life menaces to the consumer. For this intent, we will analyze the emphasis distribution produced in thin wall metal based CNG cylinder in the visible radiation of different finite component analysis packages and place the weak parts. Hoop and longitudinal emphasiss wi ll be calculated by theoretical analysis of thin wall metal cylinder. Keeping in position the penetration obtained from theoretical and finite component analysis mistake computation will be done. As we have standardized standards, the FEA package with the least mistake will be selected for farther proceeding. We will plan a laminated CNG cylinder on the same specification as of bing metal CNG cylinder. We will further optimise the design by optimisation of angle and thickness of laminated force per unit area vas. The Matlab codification will be generated for laminate analysis of composite CNG cylinder. Subsequently on the Matlab computation will be verified by utilizing ANSYS Workbench 15. The consequences of our design for composite CNG cylinder will be justified from bing literature at domestic ( if any ) and international degree. To gauge and analyse the consequence of fibre orientation on stress distribution of composite CNG cylinder, analysis will be run on different fibre angle orientation. Before continuing on the undertaking in systematic mode we will wish to seek penetration from bing literature in the force per unit area vas context.2.4 General Overview of LiteratureThe history of semisynthetic composite stuff is spread over more than 6000 old ages. The earliest semisynthetic composite stuffs were straw and clay combined to organize bricks for edifice building. Fiber-reinforced composite stuffs besides additions popularity ( despite their by and large high cost ) in high-performance merchandises that needs to be lightweight yet strong plenty to take rough lading conditions ( Shaffer,1993 ) . After the gradual development in the field of complexs over clip it was 2006 when a fiber-reinforced complex was introduced for residential every bit good as commercial usage as a non-corrosive option to steel ( Waterman, 2007 ) . A farther development was observed in 2007 wherein a military vehicle named â€Å" Humvee † , the first all-composite military vehicle, was introduced by TPI Composites Inc and Armor Holdings Inc. It was improved in 2008 by uniting C fibre and Kevlar ( five times stronger than steel ) with enhanced thermoset rosins to do military theodolite instances by ECS Composites making 30-percent igniter instances with high strength ( Pamela J, 2009 ) . This lead to a systematic research on the topic affair which is reviewed in the following subdivision.2.5 General Overview of composite force per unit area vasAs stated in the old bomber subdivision that systematic research work on composite force per unit area vass was initiated late that is i.e. In first decennary of the new millenary ( Sheffer, 1993 ; Waterman, 2007 ; Pamela J, 2009 ; and Rayapuri Ashok and Ranjith Kumar, 2013 ) . Therefore there is utmost vestry of cognition on composite force per unit area vas. To the best of our cognition, there are merely a few surveies are available in this country but research work associating to Pakistan is farther pantie or non bing. Wang Yingjun ( 2010 ) conducted a survey in Japan and a finite component theoretical account of C fibre reinforced polymer ( CFRP ) force per unit area vas with aluminium line drive is established by ANSYS finite component package. The component utilized in the survey was Shell-99 ( 4 node ) . The outer fibril lesion fibres were overwrapped by both hoop twist and coiling twist methods. He found that safety was critical because of high working force per unit area which was more than 35MPa. He conducted the inactive analysis of the vas. The burst force per unit area was predicted farther. He found when interior force per unit area increased up to 65MPa, the maximal tensile emphasis of the first CFRP ply reached rupture strength of CFRP. So the force per unit area 65MPa was regarded as the explosion force per unit area. Rayapuri Ashok and Ranjith Kumar ( 2013 ) in their survey discussed design and analysis of multilayer high force per unit area composite vass along with their advantages over single-channel block vas. Using Abaqus FEA package for burst force per unit area analysis of CFRP composite force per unit area vass for assorted fiber orientation angles, they calculated stress concentration on dish-shaped part. They used element type Solid-46 ( 8 node ) and optimized the fibre angle orientation by analysing the fibre helically for assorted orientations such as [ +25 °/-25 ° ] s, [ +35 °/-35 ° ] s, [ +45 °/-45 ° ] s, [ +55 °/-55 ° ] s, [ +65 °/-65 ° ] s, and [ +75 °/-75 ° ] s. For this intent they utilized burst force per unit area of 35MPa along with rules specified in American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( A.S.M.E ) Sec VIII Division 1. The survey found a per centum economy in stuff of 28.48 % utilizing multilayered composite vass in the topographic point of solid walled vas of SA515 Grade 70 steel. They furthered their probe and used multilayered CFRP stuff and saved 91.62 % stuff when compared to SA515 Grade 70 steel stuff vass. The explosion force per unit areas for assorted fiber orientations are predicted utilizing the Tsai-Wu failure standards. The  ± 25 ° fiber orientation angle is obtained as the optimal fibre orientation angle for the composite force per unit area vas subjected to high internal force per unit area burden. B.Vijay Kiran ( 2012 ) developed an analytical theoretical account for anticipation of optimal fiber orientations for given bed thicknesses. He selected fiber volume fraction= 0.65 and= 0.35 which was acceptable to the present composite force per unit area vas working at 3MPa internal force per unit area. He found optimal value of fiber orientation which was  ±55 ° for glass epoxy and  ±65 ° angle for C fibre. From the finite component analysis study the maximal emphasis obtained in each lamina ( for  ±55,  ±65 degrees weaving angle ) was less than the allowable on the job strength. The factor of Safety 3 was taken for the fibre reinforced composite stuff to get the better of material design and fabrication defects. The mean critical buckling force per unit area was obtained from finite element analysis study was 4.0684N/mm2, which was more than the maximal on the job force per unit area 3N/mm2. Comparison of stiffened and unstiffened complex shell was done by both theoretically and analytically techniques and he found that the stiffened cylinder has more clasping opposition than that of the unstiffened one. Javad Marzbanrad ( 2013 ) investigated the design and analysis of high force per unit area composite vass based on â€Å" unit burden method † along with complete structural analysis and rating of weariness life-time were performed utilizing finite element commercial codification ABAQUS. He selected fiber volume fraction= 0.75 and= 0.25 and element Shell-99 ( 8 node ) . He found that the weariness life-time of vas depends on the finite component mesh size, cleft denseness and ratio in an component. K.M.Pandey ( 2014 ) investigated the clasping behaviour of reasonably thin walled filament-wound carbon–epoxy cylinders subjected to hydrostatic force per unit area. A entire 9 figure of composite laminates were considered for finite component analysis. He used Finite component package ANSYS 14.0 and three finite component plan ACOS win, MSC/NASTRAN and MSC/MARC to formalize the consequences. He besides used Element 281 ( 8 node ) to make the finite component theoretical account. The ANSYS shell component theoretical account predicted the buckling force per unit area with 1.5 % divergence from the other three finite component consequences. 2.6 Methodology We in our survey and convey for a alternate solution will analyze the emphasis distribution produced in thin wall metal based CNG cylinder in the visible radiation of different finite component analysis packages and place the weak parts. Hoop and longitudinal emphasiss will be calculated by theoretical analysis of thin wall metal cylinder.Theoretical analysis of bing metal CNG cylinder will besides be conducted in the visible radiation of insight addition from work by P.Beer and Johnson ( 2006 ) . The demand for theoretical analysis emerged as to supply a base for design of composite CNG cylinder. Keeping in position the penetration obtained from theoretical and finite component analysis mistake computation will be done. As we have standard standards the FEA package with the least mistake will be selected for farther proceeding.We will plan a laminated CNG cylinder on the same specification as of bing metal CNG cylinder. We will further optimise the design by optimisation of angle and thickness of laminated force per unit area vas. The Matlab codification will be generated for laminate analysis of composite CNG cylinder. The Matlab computation will be verified by utilizing ANSYS Workbench 15. The consequences of our design for composite CNG cylinder will be justified from bing literature at domestic and international degree. To gauge and analyse the consequence of fibre orientation on stress distribution of composite CNG cylinder, analysis will be run on different fibre angle orientation.2.7 Matlab codification for design of composite force per unit area vasclear all clc % Design of composite force per unit area vas % Properties of C fibre/epoxy with 60 % volume fraction % SI unit system fprintf ( ‘Design Of Composite Pressure Vessel ‘ ) fprintf ( ‘Properties of Carbon Fibre/Epoxy with 60 per centum Volume fraction ‘ ) fprintf ( ‘Modulus of Elasticity in Longitudinal Direction ‘ ) E1=134*10^9 % Pa fprintf ( ‘Modulus of snap in cross way ‘ ) E2=7*10^9 % Pa fprintf ( ‘Shear Modulus ‘ ) G12=4.2*10^9 % Pa fprintf ( ‘ Posion Ratio ‘ ) v12=0.25 fprintf ( ‘ Longitudinal tensile break strength ‘ ) XT=1270e6 % Pa fprintf ( ‘ Transverse tensile break strength ‘ ) YT=42e6 % Pa fprintf ( ‘ Shear Strength ‘ ) Sh=90e6 % Poision Ratio fprintf ( ‘Longitudinal compressive break strength ‘ ) XC=1130e6 % Pa fprintf ( ‘Transverse compressive break strength ‘ ) YC=141e6 % Pa fprintf ( ‘Inner radius of force per unit area vas ‘ ) r=.1335 % m % Inner radius of force per unit area vas fprintf ( ‘Burust force per unit area applied ‘ ) p=75e6 % MPa % Pressure applied fprintf ( ‘Thickness of force per unit area vas ‘ ) t1=0.01182 ; % m % Thickness of force per unit area vas fprintf ( ‘Compliance Matrix ‘ ) S= [ 1/E1 -v12/E1 0 ; -v12/E1 1/E2 0 ; 0 0 1/G12 ] fprintf ( ‘Stiffness Matrix ‘ ) Q=inv ( S ) % Stress computation fprintf ( ‘Stress calculation ‘ ) fprintf ( ‘Sigma-x ‘ ) sigmax= ( p*r ) / ( 2*t1 ) % Longitudinal emphasis ‘ fprintf ( ‘Sigma-y ‘ ) sigmay= ( p*r ) /t1 % Hoop emphasis fprintf ( ‘Txy ‘ ) Txy =0 % Shear emphasis fprintf ( ‘Optimized angle in degree ‘ ) o=54.7 % Optimized angle in grade % Stress computation at merely optimized angle fprintf ( ‘Stress computation at optimized angle ‘ ) fprintf ( ‘Longitudinal emphasis at optimized angle ‘ ) sigma1= ( sigmax* ( cosd ( o ) ^2 ) ) + ( sigmay* ( Sind ( o ) ^2 ) ) % Longitudinal emphasis at optimized angle fprintf ( ‘Transverse emphasis at optimized angle ‘ ) sigma2= ( sigmax*sind ( o ) ^2 ) + ( sigmay*cosd ( o ) ^2 ) % cross emphasis at optimized angle fprintf ( ‘Shear emphasis at optimized angle ‘ ) Taa12= – ( sigmax*sind ( o ) *cosd ( o ) ) + ( sigmay*sind ( o ) *cosd ( o ) ) +Txy* ( cosd ( o ) ^2-sind ( O ) ^2 ) % Shear Stress at Optimized angle S= [ 1/E1 -v12/E1 0 ; -v12/E1 1/E2 0 ; 0 0 1/G12 ] ; Q=inv ( S ) ; fprintf ( ‘Angle orientation ‘ ) Angles= [ 0 90 54.7 54.7 90 0 ] fprintf ( ‘Thickness distribution ‘ ) t= [ 0.59 1.18 4.13 4.13 1.18 0.59 ] *10^-3 h=0 ; n_layers=length ( T ) ; for i=1: n_layers h=h+t ( I ) ; terminal omega ( 1 ) =-h/2 ; omega ( n_layers+1 ) =h/2 ; for i=2: n_layers omega ( I ) =z ( i-1 ) +t ( i-1 ) ; terminal A=zeros ( 3,3 ) ; B=zeros ( 3,3 ) ; D=zeros ( 3,3 ) ; for i=1: n_layers A= A + ( Qbar ( Q, Angles ( I ) ) * ( omega ( i+1 ) – omega ( I ) ) ) ; B= B + ( Qbar ( Q, Angles ( I ) ) * ( omega ( i+1 ) ^2 – omega ( I ) ^2 ) /2 ) ; D= D + ( Qbar ( Q, Angles ( I ) ) * ( omega ( i+1 ) ^3 – omega ( I ) ^3 ) /3 ) ; terminal fprintf ( ‘ABD Matrix ‘ ) ABD= [ A B ; B D ] fprintf ( ‘Forces Calculation ‘ ) NM = 10^3* [ 499 ; 998 ; 500 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0 ] fprintf ( ‘Calculating Initail Strain ‘ ) strainxy = inv ( ABD ) *NM % initial strain + curvatures Qavg=zeros ( 3,3 ) ; fprintf ( ‘Calculating Q-bar for each bed ‘ ) for i=1: n_layers Qavg= Qavg + ( ( Qbar ( Q, Angles ( I ) ) * ( omega ( i+1 ) – omega ( I ) ) ) /h ) ; fprintf ( ‘layer = % vitamin D, z = % 0.1f mm ‘ , I, omega ( i+1 ) *1000 ) Q_bar=Qbar ( Q, Angles ( I ) ) terminal fprintf ( ‘Calculating Q-average ‘ ) Q_avg=Qavg fprintf ( ‘Calculating S-average ‘ ) Savg=inv ( Qavg ) fprintf ( ‘Modulus of snap in x-axis direction ‘ ) Ex=1/Savg ( 1,1 ) fprintf ( ‘Modulus of snap in y-axis direction ‘ ) Ey=1/Savg ( 2,2 ) fprintf ( ‘Shear Modulus ‘ ) Gxy=1/Savg ( 3,3 ) vxy=-Savg ( 1,2 ) *Ex fprintf ( ‘Stress computation for each bed ‘ ) for i=1: n_layers fprintf ( ‘layer = % vitamin D, z = % 0.1f mm ‘ , I, omega ( i+1 ) *1000 ) fprintf ( ‘Strain-xy Produced in the bed ‘ ) strainxyk = strainxy ( 1:3,1:1 ) + omega ( I ) *strainxy ( 4:6,1:1 ) fprintf ( ‘Stress-xy Produced in the bed ‘ ) stressxyk = Qbar ( Q, Angle ( I ) ) *strainxyk stressLT=TM ( Angles ( I ) ) *stressxyk fprintf ( ‘layer = % vitamin D, z = % 0.1f mm ‘ , I, omega ( i+1 ) *1000 ) StrainLT=S*stressLT fprintf ( ‘Longitudinal Strain ‘ ) Strain_Longitudinal=StrainLT ( 1,1 ) % Longitudinal strain fprintf ( ‘Transverse Strain ‘ ) Strain_Transverse=StrainLT ( 2,1 ) % Transverse Strain fprintf ( ‘Longitudinal Stress ‘ ) Stress_Longitudinal=stressLT ( 1,1 ) % Longitudinal Stress fprintf ( ‘Transverse Stress ‘ ) Stress_Transverse=stressLT ( 2,1 ) % Transverse Stress fprintf ( ‘Shear Stress ‘ ) Stress_Shear= stressLT ( 3,1 ) fprintf ( ‘Applying Tsai–Hill standards ‘ ) Alpha= ( stressLT ( 1,1 ) /XT ) ^2- ( stressLT ( 1,1 ) *stressLT ( 2,1 ) /XT^2 ) + ( stressLT ( 2,1 ) /YT^2 ) + ( stressLT ( 3,1 ) /Sh ) ^2 if Alpha & A ; lt ; =1 fprintf ( ‘Ok Layer is safe ‘ ) else fprintf ( ‘Not Ok Layer is non safe ‘ ) terminal terminal2.8 DrumheadThree is a scarceness of literature in this the country of composite stuffs. Most of the literature available on composite force per unit area vas is about optimisation of fiber orientation while major part of it is about Glass fiber wherein the research workers identified the emphasis distribution utilizing different fiber orientation. These surveies found the consequence curtailing weight decrease by about 29 % ( K.M.Pandey, 2014 ; Javad Marzbanrad, 2013 ; and Rayapuri Ashok, 2013 ) . For analysis purpose many of research workers benefited from ANSYS as the finite component analysis package because this to them provides more user friendly interface and extremely elaborate analysis compatibility. They selected Shell-99 and Solid-46 ( 8 node ) as component for more optimized consequences. Their most important findings were that Carbon/Epoxy had provided the highest strength consequences with a comparatively high weight decrease. They conducted their probe at 54.7 ° because they presume that it could supply the most optimized consequences but it may non be allowable practically as referred by B.Vijay Kiran ( 2012 ) . They have besides selected 4 and 8 node elements wherein 16 node component is preferred because of its more precise consequences. The other surveies under reappraisal besides used maximal shear emphasis theory while on the other manus Tsai-Hill failure theory provide more better consequences in multilayered laminate analysis. These surveies besides used Abaqus package which may give less attested consequences when compared to analysis through ANSYS Workbench. We in our survey attempt to get the better of this spread and convey a feasible alternate solution of high strength, environmental friendly composite CNG cylinder.We have utilized Matlab for numerical analysis of laminated force per unit area vas. The merchandise will travel through a battery of trial in order to conform its genuineness and cogency.

Explain the Value Proposition and Give an Example

The value of the definition of philosophy: the value of specific things are an integral part of the human brain is everything in the world is divided into two major categories of useful and harmful, from the two major types of specific things in the abstract thinking by the absolute abstract things or meta body, is the world The interaction with all things in general, the interrelated nature and capacity of each specific things that have the universal nature and provisions. Is the value of specific things with the general provisions, the nature and performance.And specific matters, subject and the object, things and events, sports and exercise, objects and objects of interaction and mutual influence, interrelated and mutually reunification is the value of the existence and manifestations. We have observed as the main object of the people and as the living environment and living things interact and influence, can be found on the living environment and their interactions with each othe r on the nature and impact of capacity and found that the value of human beings and the environment.In human terms, the world is to human survival and development have meaning and value of things, the phenomenon of conflicts, the question of the identity of opposites, the world is valuable in the world, all things are valuable things. Value is the value and composition of the negative value of the unity of opposites. Now most people have said the value of which is the object of promoting the survival and development of the main character and ability, is the principal object of which is the positive meaning and positive values.In fact the object of the role and impact of the main survival and development capabilities and value, not only has a positive meaning and value, also has a negative meaning and value, is the positive and negative significance, value and the negative value is composed of confrontation Entity. For example, the value of coal and oil. Coal and oil for human surviv al and development not only has a positive meaning and positive values, but also has a negative meaning and a negative value.The large number of coal and oil exploitation and utilization to accelerate the economic development and improving people's living standards, but also an increase of carbon dioxide emissions, caused by the greenhouse effect, destruction of the natural environment, damage the long-term survival and development of people's fundamental interests. Why do people have to understand and transform the world  » Because the world ith human survival and development of a close relationship, because the world is the role and impact of all things human survival and development of the nature and capacity of the world because everything has its own value. Only through its own actions to rid the world of human survival and development of all living things have a negative meaning and value, give full play to the world and use all things to human survival and development of a positive meaning and value of human beings continue to achieve the fundamental objectives of the survival and development.We in real life the basis of the experience and ability to understand, can quickly determine a thing, the phenomenon of contradictions and problems with regard to the value of the number and value for our brains thinking through how to dispose of the produce of things Awareness of mental preparation for doing a good job.Value judgement is the daily life of every person in the frequency of the highest awareness of thinking is that we stimulate the senses and the impact of the various matters or whether an interest in objects, whether or not to proceed further the understanding and thinking, whether or not to take the body of a prerequisite for disposal . Is the value of natural objects and the general provisions of the universal nature.We observed through a chemical substance with a chemical substance in contact with the chemical reaction, can be found on the two chemical substances involved in a chemical reaction by the nature and capacity of each chemical substances found chemical reaction involved in the relative The proportion found valence. Valence by a chemical substance that is the role and influence of other chemical substances in nature and capacity that such chemical substances with regard to the value.For example, we observed through a chemical substance with a chemical substance in contact with the chemical reaction, can be found on each chemical substance involved in chemical reactions by the nature and capacity of each chemical substances found involved in the chemical reaction The relative proportions and found that valence. Valence by a chemical substance that is the role and influence of other chemical properties and ability, this is another kind of material on the value of the material. Is the intrinsic value of knowledge requirements and components.Is the value of the property with knowledge and ability, any knowledge of h uman existence and development is of significance and value of human progress and development do not have any sense of knowledge does not exist. The value of social consciousness is the inherent requirements and components. Social consciousness of the human brain is the command people in the community life and acts of intention, ideas, ideals, rules, programmes, line and policy. Is the social awareness of the value of the properties and ability is an integral part of social consciousness.Any social consciousness are guiding people how to live in society and acts of meaning and value, not guiding people how to live and act significance and value of social consciousness does not exist. For example: â€Å"the truth. † The truth of the human society, the overwhelming majority of the people's survival and development is of great significance and value of social consciousness. The vast majority of human society and human survival and development is of great significance and value o f truth is the basic feature is the sole criterion of truth.

Proposed Healthcare Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposed Healthcare Reform - Essay Example In the state of California alone there are more than 2 million people afflicted with the disease, and this number is expected to jump two-fold by 2025. The worst part is that over a quarter of those afflicted do not even know that they have the disease. The focal point of this aspect of the proposal aims to institute proven strategies in identifying and screening the disease, as well as primary prevention and patient self-management. The spirit behind it is highly altruistic, but the question is, can a national model for diabetes be truly be effective My take is that while it is a noble idea, the logistics and groundwork needed to pull it off efficiently may prove to be of detriment in the long run. We must be recognizant of the fact that not all states are as hard hit as California, nor is the economic impact as great. That given, their implementation of any national program may be shaky at best. A good strategy for the Schwarzenegger administration would be to develop a state-centr ic program at first, that way the execution and process control of the campaign would be better executed. Given the overdue attention given to this issue, just how much money could be saved According to the American Diabetes Association, indirect costs due to diabetes cost $58 billion in 2007, with more than 15 million work days absent and 120 million work days with reduced performance among others. 2 Include the savings in direct medical costs, do the math, and given the large number of patients in California that amounts to billions of dollars that could be facilitated towards the further development of the state. Another pressing issue which was highlighted was the need to address the issue of medical errors and health care acquired infections. This problem unduly compromises the health of patients, lowers the general health of patients and gravely increases health cost expenditures.3 So what are the possible solutions offered Among others, the plan proposes that electronic prescribing would be required of all providers and facilities by 2010 in order to prevent adverse drug events. Now what are the pros and cons of electronic prescribing For one, it is considered the best hope towards cutting health care costs in the years to come. According to an industry study, a widespread shift towards the practice would save the government as much as $29 billion over a 10-year period4. Not only that, it would eliminate the avenue for fraud and misuse of the old manual recommendations as stricter monitoring instruments could be put in place to prevent drug abuse. On the flipside, not many physicians are jumping at the chance for electronic prescriptions ,as widespread apprehension and uncertainty over the technology delivery is present. And not all doctors are technology-savvy, specially in the more rural areas. So if ever the plan were to be implemented, a lack of uniformity in terms of compliance may be present. So would these strategies be sufficient in alleviating the aforementioned issues In my opinion, these are very noble and well-researched strategies and should be given a long hard look. We are all riding the wave of the future, and the time has come for us to take drastic, aggressive measures if we are to prevent the collapse of the entire health care system. Overall, the health plan proposal of the governor provides a decent framework to build off for future legislation.

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Management - Essay Example Accumulating precious metals like gold and silver were considered to be one of the most important indicators of wealth. As a result of this, heavy duty was imposed on exports of gold. Thus the aim of nations is to accumulate more and more precious metals. Trade in the modern world is entirely different from those centuries. Economists had understood that precious metals cannot be set as a benchmark as their reserves are limited. Moreover, colonialism which was one of the major strategies of wealth creation cannot be practiced in the present world. Imports cannot be controlled in the present economy. Nor can the exports be penalized with heavy duties. For an effective balance of trade, a proper import and export level is required. The assumptions of mercantilism are totally against globalization without which economic development cannot happen in the modern world. Mercantilism also involves forceful sales of goods to consumers leaving them no better option. Such practice cannot be ado pted in the modern world. Therefore, it can very clearly be concluded that mercantilism is a bankrupt theory. Falling dollar and rising exports A falling dollar means that dollar is being undervalued against other major currencies. Such a phenomenon will have a huge impact on the export figures. In the case of exporting, dollars are received for the goods that are exported. â€Å"A lower dollar increases the price competitiveness of US exports.† (Economics Help, 2011) When dollar is devalued, more dollars will have to be paid for transactions. Therefore, from the US perspective more dollars will be received in terms of the payments made by importing countries. As a result of this, there will be a temporary increase of revenue for the exports sector. This scenario is highly beneficial for the manufacturing and exporting companies and a little unfavorable for the importing companies. â€Å"A weaker dollar makes it easier for foreign investors to acquire key U.S. assets, such a s manufacturers.† (Duesterberg, 2008) The weak dollar makes American goods cheaper in the global markets. As a result, American exporting companies will reap huge benefits. Companies can generate more profits in this scenario and thereby accumulate more greenbacks in their reserves. This will help the US manufacturing companies to be highly competitive against their Peers. For example, Proctor & Gamble, which produces majority of its products in US, will see an increase in profits when the dollar falls. At the same time, its archrival Unilever, which belongs to Europe, will see its profit diminishing. Therefore, a series of decline in dollar value will benefit the US companies while at the same time hitting the importing companies. Importing companies will have to pay more greenbacks for the goods that are imported into US. This will lead to low profitability for them. Organizational issues of transnational of transnational strategies A transnational strategy is defined as a c ommon strategy that is suitable or acceptable for various markets. â€Å"When employing a transnational strategy, the goal is to combine elements of global and multidomestic strategies.† (Enotes.com, 2011) Transnational strategy was being introduced in order to eliminate the limitations of global strategy. A global strategy may not be suitable for

NO TOPIC JUST DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

NO TOPIC JUST DISCUSSION QUESTIONS - Dissertation Example It is one’s contention that the change was managed successfully paving the way for various suppliers and customers to take advantage of advanced communication, computer, and mobile services at increasing volume and decreasing costs. Despite the efficiency and success of contemporary organizations in the industry, future challenges come in terms of continued reliability and sustainability of the system as well as controls in costs of both telecommunications equipment and services. Discussion Question 2: The force field analysis is a viable tool to initiate changes at work through the identification and evaluation of both driving forces and forces of resistance. As indicated, through brainstorming, one is made to clearly itemize these forces and determine which force/s have greater intensities that could assist in the accomplishment of identified change goals.

How Critical and Cultural perspectives influenced a specific Music Essay

How Critical and Cultural perspectives influenced a specific Music artistgenre of the 1960's - Essay Example Ray Charles was enrolled at the Saint Augustine School for the Blind in Florida, where he learnt Braille. He also learnt to play the piano and clarinet/saxophone. He had to rely heavily on his excellent memory for music as he did not have the advantage of sight. Ray Charles also had a gift of perfect pitch, which greatly aided his musicianship. At only 15, he lost his mother and after two years, his father also passed on. His suffering inspired him to greater heights. He graduated from St. Augustine School an started traveling with country music road bands. This enriched his quality of music when he later added western music to his repertoire. He also toured with rhythm and blues bands as an instrumentalist. Among the instruments he played are the piano, clarinet and saxophone. He also an arranger and composer. His early influences as a singer were: blues singers, Guitar Slim and Parcy Mayfield. Lloyd Glenn influenced his piano. Eventually, it was his mixed styles, his voice texture and his versatile falsetto range and his emotional appeal that combined to bring out a unique vocal artistry. (UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2003) In the late 2005, John Burk, Concord Records A & R chief and producer of Ray Charles Grammy Award wining blockbuster album "Genius Lovers Company" came upon some tapes recorded in the 70s, apparently concert tapes. The tapes were made by the legendary impresario producer Norman Granz. (All About Jazz, 2006). Though the tapes recovered were not the greatest quality, the music was recorded to produce a beautiful, authentic and irreplaceable work of music. His music from the 60s combines with the latest technology to bring about yet another astounding performance from Ray Charles. Whatever beauty the technology in the 60s couldn't capture, the new technology has been able to capture and in the process, still manage to show the uniqueness of Ray Charles' genius. Ray Charles once said that in music, there's only either good or bad music. That also, in music you just can't escape when something is good (Ray Charles Biography 2004). Ray Charles set the aesthetic standards for more than 50 years across the board; Blues, R&B, Country. He has inspired many in the music industry as no other can. Indeed he has fans even out of the entertainment industry inspired by him. In an answer to those who thought that his being influenced by both secular and gospel music was sacrilegious, Ray said that one could not run away from themselves. He was brought up in the church, but at the same time, he would listen to secular music from jukeboxes. It was this open mindedness in music that led him to pioneer a new style in music hence opening the door for many young performers to follow. He has inspired many new stars in the music industry who admired his talent and independent spirit. Growing up in the south in the 50s and 60s where racism was deeply rooted, Ray fought racism and against its divisions. Once he was booked to perform in a concert. He had no idea it was going to be segregated. The white members of the audience were downstairs while the black fans sat upstairs. He told the music promoter he didn't mind performing, as long the black people sat downstairs, closer to him. (Ray Charles: A giant of American Music 2004). In his efforts against

Hip Hop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hip Hop - Essay Example These men were the rebels of the day. But as hip hop has become more popular, its stars have become brands and multimillionaires too. They do not commit crimes because it would reduce their brand value. Instead, like Michael Corleone, they try to become legitimate businessmen. In the process, they sell their music as entertainment. They become the fat cats and authority figures that they once railed against. In early times they would talk about how hard their lives were and how impoverishing the ghetto was—but now they told such stories from their Manhattan penthouses. This tension causes a real problem for hip hop. The answer to the above question must be â€Å"no.† With commercialization, hip hop has lost much of its authenticity. It is no longer a product of the street, but is instead a product of the businesses and record people who sell it at Walmart. Record labels can try to fabricate and market street cred, but that does not make it authentic (Watkins, 2). Authen tic hip hop still exists in clubs and among the undiscovered, but it has lost something over the years. It is no longer as real as it once was. What does the transformation of the â€Å"hood† from an inner city location to a consciousness allow artists like Jay-Z to do? Through his music, Jay-Z is capable of transforming a physical location or state of poverty into something much more inspiring.

The Civil War is, beyond doubt, the most critical and pivotal event of Essay

The Civil War is, beyond doubt, the most critical and pivotal event of the 19th century if not all of American History. Explain - Essay Example They include equality, immigration benefits especially in the North, replacement of slavery with racial favoritism and development of the South after ceasing to be a â€Å"King Cotton† region (Ennis 19). The latter aspect was due to the abolition of slavery, which many plantation masters utilized in tilling and harvesting their cotton (Ennis 15). American civil war besides its occurrence dating many years ago, its impacts characterizes the present state of Americans’ lives. The agitation for the abolition of slavery especially by the Abraham Lincoln and the Northerners yielded to the present equality (Ennis 17). This emanated from the then core argument that accelerated the abolition of slavery, which stated, â€Å"No man had more rights than the other despite the color of an individual’s skin†. The acceptance of abolition of slavery/servitude was not easy especially among the Southerners who solely relied on slaves in their cotton plantations besides in d oing other hard domestic chores (Ennis 18). Therefore, Southerners having no other alternative, they yielded to the Northerners’ pressure, which led to the emancipation of the enslaved blacks. Emancipation offered the then oppressed blacks and other marginalized races a chance to agitate for their civil rights and dignity, which led to the present equality (Mccurry 60). ... This is because compared to the Southern region; there were acceptance and free interactions of diverse races in the north (Ennis 20). In addition, the end of slavery implied an increased competition for jobs in the south especially from the freed blacks where the non-American whites were not willing to experience. Therefore, they ended up relocating to the North where they inhabited diverse regions to form homogeneous cultures besides intermarrying with other races (Mccurry 60). For example, Milwaukee and Cincinnati cities, mostly inhabited by Germans to the present despite diverse and numerous interactions with other races. Mass migration of diverse races to the North also yielded to the reborn of the present United States, which comprises of diverse races that form one homogenous entity. This has given birth to a new generation almost having similar trends especially in the mode of dressing and music (Hip Hop). The banning of servitude severely affected the southerners’ eco nomy, which solely relied on agriculture (Ennis 17). Therefore, they had no option but to invest in other sectors to rebuild their economy, which prompted them to focus on establishing industries besides improving the states’ infrastructures. This is evident from the southern regions’ current state where the countries have turned their focus to industrializing diverse ventures, for instance, dairy farming (Ennis 20). The trend from then to date has not changed where the southern region has kept on improving its infrastructures. This is because of the worldwide perception concerning the essence of intensive industrialization, which leads to a

Fact pattern Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fact pattern - Essay Example Although these legal principles are national; the scope of others depends on state law development. Currently; art trade activities involving production, sale, display and collection of art get professional legal considerations through regulation, statute, treaty, case law, ordinance and regulation. Art traditionally concerns fine art and visual arts. Also, it’s noted that art law is very similar to the cultural property law. Entertainment law generally entails industries or sectors engaged in the production of theatre, music, television, publishing and motion pictures. These entertainment sectors deal with economic or business aspects that are applicable to almost all areas of law; for example copyright, trade secret, publicity, securities, trademark, rights of privacy and publicity, corporate law, international law, constitutional law and labor law. All of these stated laws work towards protecting the creative rights of the individual or the enterprises. Other laws related to the entertainment law include; intellectual property law, sports law, telecommunications law and First Amendment law. The most basic legal tool in the entertainment sector is the personal service agreement (Wasko 178). The personal service agreement is quite often governed through statutes, and they are at times the subject of court processes due to restrictions on rights of the artists to create or perform for other enterprises o r individuals. Another additional issues discussed in this paper is the fact pattern which involves presentation of evidences. Law practitioners are required to study the proofs in order to disregard or ignore those which are not applicable to the subject matter at hand. Copyright law protects artistic works. The artistic works should be presented in tangible mediums like paintings. Copyright is given through the federal statutes and it enables the artist to have exclusive rights on his works; like reproduction

Federal Legalization of Recreational Marijuana Research Paper

Federal Legalization of Recreational Marijuana - Research Paper Example Proponents argue that legalizing marijuana would increase revenue, lower burden on law enforcement, increase national security, safeguards individual rights, and make consumption safer. Opponents on the other hand, argue legalizing marijuana would create a gateway for harder drugs like cocaine, emergence of black markets, create new users, cause health problems, and loss of productivity. The issue is thus a headache for the federal and state governments bearing in mind the public support that legalization has been getting over the years. Leaders and mostly governors are also at a loss whether to succumb to people’s needs or use their discretion or moral values in deciding whether to support or not. The issue is thus becoming a great concern not only for law enforcement officers but also parents, educators, health care workers, government and the public as a whole. This paper is to discuss the debate surrounding federal legalization of recreational marijuana to get an insight i nto its complexity. Whilst Hanson et al, Donovan et al, Rushefsky, and Fox et al argue that legalization is necessary for a safer society; Martel is against such a move. Morgan on the other hand, gives a balanced view on the subject. Martel argues that it is the media especially print media who constructed the problem of recreational marijuana in the 1960s, reported on it and mobilized groups around the issue by creating a moral panic (Martel 11). Moral panic in this case refers to â€Å"sudden rise of an issue, often out of proportion with reality, and it is more or less equally rapid disappearance from public agenda† (13). This moral panic created fear in the public that their social values are being threatened by drug use giving rise to Pro-marijuana groups in its defense to the public and also law governing bodies. This Martel believes should be rejected at all cost. He agrees with Blanchard the Attorney General’s sentiments that it is time to take into account

PSY 435 Full Course Material Essay Example for Free

PSY 435 Full Course Material Essay

Purpose Of Education In Singapore

Purpose Of Education In Singapore Education is said to be as old as humanity itself. (Gordon, 1966) All living things, regardless of animal or human origin, are born with a capacity and need to be educated. The genetic makeup of any animal causes it to recognize that educating their offspring plays a crucial role to ensuring their survivability in the wild. Prehistoric human beings realize this too but modern human beings also recognize that in todays complicated world, our purposes for educating our young are far more complex than simply knowing how to gather and hunt for food. Thus, in this essay, I will briefly explore both the selfish and the societal reasons for education in our modern society before delving specifically into the aims of education in Singapore as well as their implications. There is one fundamental limitation to be addressed the aims of education are ever changing. Survivability in todays modern society is defined differently from the past and also differently from the society of the future. Hence, there are no fixed aims of education because our purposes will change along with the current societal needs and mindsets. The question Why do we educate? can be answered from the selfish point of view. Firstly, as human beings, we evolved from animals and are instinctively concerned about our survival. Thus, the most evident reason and aim in pursuing education is for the sake of our livelihoods. This is also known as the bread and butter aim (Gordon, 1966) because we desire to be educated so we can graduate with better qualifications and hence land a better paying job. This utilitarian purpose of education enables people to provide the basic necessities, and possibly luxuries, for themselves. While this practical aim may be important, I believe that there are many other things Man has to live for other than simply money. The other selfish reason is nobler. It is to pursue education for the sake of education. Although it is still a selfish reason, it is in contrast to the livelihood aim because people who believe in this deem education as more than a vehicle for the mere acquisition of knowledge to gain wealth. These are people who have developed an intrinsic motivation for lifelong learning and see that education as a dynamic tool that allows one to think and adapt independently as compared to a static process of memorization. (Gordon, 1966) Other than selfish reasons for education, there are also societys objectives in having its people educated. The first societal purpose of education is to have socially contributive citizens. Ironically, this societal purpose ties in with the selfish purpose for livelihood. In achieving the knowledge, skills and understanding required of us to deal with a specialized and better paying job, we unintentionally play a part in the creation of societys workforce and hence contribute to economic development and growth of the country. (Biesta, 2009) This relates very closely to the educational theory of Essentialism. Essentialism, grounded in philosophies of Idealism and Realism, disregards interests and promote teaching useful knowledge instead for the learner to use in society. In addition, discipline is a key focus in Essentialism as it emphasizes on how the learner is expected to respect legitimate authority to function efficiently in society. (Ellis, 1981) Hence, Essentialism is crucial in creating people who participate effectively in society. Another social intention of education involves character and moral development as emphasized by Aristotle (Homiak, 2007) and by Herbart in the 19th century. Aristotle claims that there are 2 sides to every Man. The baser side involves primal animal instincts of brutality and passion while the humanitarian side involves morality and intellect. The aim of education, Aristotle insists, should be towards developing human character through the humanitarian aspect. (Gordon, 1966) In accordance to Aristotles claims, I personally believe that while we should develop the humanitarian portion, we should focus equally on both the intellectual and moral sections because they are of equal importance and not place greater emphasis on the intellect as our society currently does. The last societal aim of education is for society to create responsible citizens of a country through the development of every child the political agenda behind education. The 2 aspects to this societal aim are the positive and the negative. The positive aspect is what Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of America during her husbands presidency, describes as good citizenship. (Roosevelt, 2008) She illustrates how education is to help a child see and understand the various governmental processes through the government departments of law and legislation along with Americas relationship to the rest of the world. The child, being able to see such things, will see himself as a part of a greater being and understand where his own usefulness may lie. I agree with Roosevelt as National Education is a vital aspect of Singapores education system and this will be elaborated further. The negative aspect however, has roots in the USSR. Lenin, the Communist leader, once expressed: Without teaching, there is no learning. Without learning, there is no knowledge. Without knowledge, there is no Communism. Without Communism, society degenerates into capitalist decay. (Nicholas, 1983) The leadership of the Soviet Union then started to shape its national education programmes to promote Communist propaganda to the children in order to guarantee the security of the Communist ideology. (Nicholas, 1983) This is an example of how a country can use its education system with a political motive to legitimize a particular political doctrine. While the purposes of education are inexhaustible and constantly changing, Singapore has managed to define its own rational of educating her citizens for the 21st century society. As extracted from the Ministry Of Educations (MOE) Website, Singapore has 4 clear Desired Outcomes of Education (Ministry of Education, 2010). They are: Confident person, self directed learner, active contributor and concerned citizen. These 4 desired outcomes of education are adaptations of the purposes of education as discussed above and this essay will only focus on the latter 2. The first desired outcome of education that I am focusing on is the creation of an active contributor. An active contributor is one who cooperates well in a team, takes lead and responsible ventures and is original and competent in his actions. (Ministry of Education, 2010) The reason for this desired outcome of education is Singapore having no natural resources except for her population. Therefore, Singapore, having to rely on her people for economic growth and development, has no margin for mistakes and emphasizes on the need for her people to contribute. This need resulted in several educational policy changes, the most obvious trend being the inclination towards Essentialism. Singapore chooses to adopt a practical and utilitarian approach to education though the Bilingualism Policy in 1966. (Dixon) Learning English aided communication with the Western world and was considered an Industrialization language. In the year 2000, the Mandarin language was promoted in order to help foster economic relations with China. Singapore also privatized education through allowing autonomous and independent schools, created a public ranking of all schools in 1992 (Tan, C. Wong, B. Chua, J.S.M Kang, T, 2006) and started the Thinking Skills, Learning Nation (TSLN) policy in 1997 in recognition that literacy only is not enough to survive economically in the 21st century and highly innovative individuals were crucial too. (Teo, 1997) These 3 policies encourage competition between schools and students for better results and prestige as well as promoting the freedom of ingenuity. These result in Singapore being able to nature the full potential of her citizens, develop an abil ity driven economy and encourage Research and Development, both surmounting to greater economic contribution. These policy changes have significantly impacted Singaporean teachers and students alike. Both teachers and students had to be proficient in the English language in order to understand each other. More teachers were recruited to teach the various mother tongues of Malay, Tamil and Mandarin. Students had to work harder to compete and get into a prestigious and elite school. In addition, students had to pay higher fees for autonomous or independent schools. Teachers also had to rethink their teaching methods and engage students more to promote creativity and induce intrinsic motivation to learn instead of mere memorization. As our former Minister of Education, Mr Tharman Shanmugaratnam, explained diverse paths were also provided for students with talents in different fields so as to train young people to embrace change and do well in life. (Lee, S.K. Goh, C.B. Fredriksen, B. Tan, J.P. 2008) In evaluation, while these policies appeared feasible in theory, practice proved it wrong. The Bilingual Policy was admitted to be a mistake. (Hoe, 2009) Minister Mentor (MM) Lee Kuan Yew said that his implementation of the Bilingual Policy caused students to be put off by the Chinese language instead of fostering a love for the language. However, MM Lee is not entirely wrong as students are able to fluently converse, read and write in their Mother Tongues. This echoes the education theory of Essentialism where societal gains are placed before personal interests. Another policy that was changed in 2004 involved the softening of the school ranking system. (Shanmugaratnam, 2004) While this policy may be effective in differentiating students of varying IQs, this has also objectified students as they are either classified condemned, normal or gifted. This is a result of our focus on meritocracy and ability. Streaming is not effective because students are not given equal chances to flourish in different aspects of their character but is solely based on how well he does in his studies in a particular examination. Lastly, the TSLN policy is cast in a more positive light as it shifts Singapore from an efficiency-driven education system to an ability-driven education system. (Lee, S.K. Goh, C.B. Fredriksen, B. Tan, J.P. 2008) This is a better policy as it offers students greater flexibility and choice in their education. Students are now able to choose from a range of educational institutes like the School of the Arts (SOTA), Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts, the Singapore Sports School and the Singapore Institute of Technology to develop their talents and abilities. Nonetheless, while this can be seen as a deviation from Essentialism, the main objective of the TSLN policy is to remain economically competent in the 21st century. The other desired outcome is the creation of a concerned citizen through moral education. Moral education in Singapore was, and always will be, aimed at forging citizens together and promoting common values to prevent racial and cultural tension amongst the 4 racial groups. (Tan, J. Gopinathan, S. Ho, W.K., 1997) The reason for this desired outcome is due to the largely polarized cultural groups in Singapore directly after independence. Hence, there was a need to bring together the people of Singapore and thus, moral education is needed for nation building and cohesion. The introduction of moral education into the education system resulted in several policy changes. The more significant ones include the mandatory singing of the National Anthem and recitation of the National Pledge (1966) in all schools every morning (Tan, C. Wong, B. Chua, J.S.M Kang, T, 2006), the implementation of Education for Living as a subject (Tan, J. Gopinathan, S. Ho, W.K., 1997) and more recently, the National Education for all levels and Community Involvement Programme (CIP) in 1996 for lower level schools and Service Learning for upper levels. (Ministry of Education, 1998) These 3 policy changes work towards the cohesion of Singaporeans as a whole regardless of race or religion and promote social concern and civic responsibility amongst citizens. These policy changes have affected teachers and students in a more subtle manner. Students then had to learn the National Anthem and Pledge by heart. Teachers were required to undergo training to learn and teach the Education for Living syllabus, Good Citizen, as a subject in the various Mother Tongues. Furthermore, teachers also had to learn how to organize and manage students for CIP and incorporate National Education into everyday teaching. The compulsory singing of the National Anthem and recitation of the Pledge is effective because the Pledge embodies our goals as a country as shown by the words, One united people to signify cohesion in diversity, and to achieve happiness, prosperity and progress for our Nation and the recitation every morning reminds students that diversity is not an obstacle and that Singaporeans should always care for the country. Furthermore, although the CIP and Service Learning projects have noble intentions and are theoretically effective, they turn out to be less efficient in practice. For example, secondary school students carry out the bare minimum of 6 hours of community work in order to meet the criteria set by the Ministry of Education. This defeats the purpose of CIP as it does not properly inculcate students to sincerely help out the needy but only forces students to help because their schools said so. In conclusion, ultimately, Singapore is still a survival-driven society and economy. Having only people as resources has not made it any easier. Hence, regardless of what policy changes or desired outcomes of education, Singapores ultimate goal in education is to remain economically competent in the 21st society. 2191 words.

Lack Of Hand Washing Contributes Infection Nursing Essay

Lack Of Hand Washing Contributes Infection Nursing Essay Aim of hand hygiene is to remove micro-organisms carried on the skin and any break in the skin can harbor bacteria and may be a cross infection risk to patients. Correctly apply hand washing enough to remove the harmful pathogens from the skin. Hand washing is most importance and effective way of preventing and controlling cross infection from healthcare staff. Gould et al (2008) stated that most infection is delivered to patients directly via hands of health workers. Transmissions of pathogens via hand of health care workers increase the incident of nasocomial infections. Horton (1995) sees that hand washing is effective means to protecting patients from nosocomial infections. The healthcare professionals are aware of the need for hand washing and they do not wash their hand as often as they should. They must providers to ensure of safe and high standard of patients care within minimum risk of nosocomial infection in hospital. Every year 9% of patients admitted to hospital associated infections. Many patients treated in hospital develop infections after discharge, for example 50-70 % of surgical wound infections become apparent after discharge but these are not monitored NAO (2004). This paper will discuss about lack of hand hygiene is a common problem in my work setting. Healthcare professional have long been aware that washing hands cut infection rates and saves lives Baldry (1976).Despite this, Suchitra and Lakshmidevi (2007) believe that healthcare still fail to practice good hand washing to their patients. Nurses must aware to be a good role model for junior staff to practice an effective hand washing to prevent infection. It aims to enable community nursing and professional member to practice safely and effectively hand washing in the community. According to Suchitra and Lakshmidevi (2007) says that compliance with hand hygiene was highest among junior staff such as care assistants and lowest among doctors and nurses. Larson E, Killien M (1982) believes that lack of awareness among personnel about hand washing, organization and personal attitudes and various logistical barriers are the factors and reason for poor hand hygiene practices among professional health. Knowledge is one factors contribute of infection. Barriers to good hand hygiene include poor knowledge of infection control, time pressures, poor technique, inadequate facilities, and inappropriate clothing and hand adornments. (NAO 2004: Department of Health (DH) 2005). Professional healthcare staff must have a good knowledge hand washing follow by standard precaution to prevent infection. It can decrease infection via hand to hand among them. Gould et al (2008) thinks that infections in healthcare setting are spread by direct contact (cross infection) of health workers. Professional healthcare should give health teaching to patients about the important of hand washing in preventing infection. Hand washing frequency increases following education, the rate soon returns to the previous level Williams and Buckles (1998). As professional healthcare workers knowledgeable of hand washing is important to prevent infection but sometime they are incomplete knowledge about this issue. According to Searle (1987) says that knowledge among the trained nurse is incomplete about universal precautions. Professional healthcare workers knowledge will have impact on the standards of infection control and quality of health education. The correct skill and technique of hand washing are important to prevent infection among the patients. Griffiths (2002) says that the area most often missed in practice hand washing is the back of thumbs, the nails and between the fingers. Therefore hand washing is an effective means of controlling infection, sometime healthcare member forgotten to practice the correct way. Health professionals do not always practice effective technique (Larson and Killien, 1992).Effective technique of hand washing can prevent spread of pathogens from patients to another member or staff who may subsequently pass the bacterium on to other patients and decrease hospitalization mortality. According to Eaton (2005) hand washing is actually importance in controlling MRSA among the patients. From one study of compliance with hand washing (Girou and Oppein, 2001) state that 50% of healthcare workers did not wash their hands after the procedure. Hand drying after washing is very important to prevent infection because wet surfaces transfer microorganisms thrive in a damp environment. Griffiths (2002) says that drying hand with paper towels are effective technique to prevent infection because the friction helps to remove transient organisms from the surface of the skin. Merchant (2001) options that using disposable paper to drying hand are more effective technique and quicker (7-9 seconds) compared using hand dryer (25 seconds). When hand washing facilities are poor, it contributes to infection. Clinical hand wash sink are required in all areas where clinical activities are performed. Convenient placement of sinks and adequate provision of soap and soft paper towels will encourage frequent and appropriate hand washing Kesavan et al (1998).Provision of adequate and appropriate facilities could be improved hand washing compliance. According to Harris et al (2000) stated that hindering factors of good hand washing are lack of time, poor facilities and materials. The Infection Control Nurses Association (1998) mentions that commitments by managers to improve resources are important to prevent poor hand hygiene among healthcare and patients. The value of easy access to hand hygiene supplies, whether sink, alcohol handrub or soap, is self explanatory. Busy healthcare workers to walk away from patients bed to reach a wash basin or hand antiseptic agents invites noncompliance with hand hygiene recommendations (Pittet and Mourouga 1999). Community of nurses find that facilities in hospital are not suitable for prevent hand decontamination. Larson and Killen (1992) believe that when resources are not available, there will cause of poor hand washing. Therefore if facilities are very poor it is possible to decontaminate the hands thoroughly to infection. Hands may be cleansed with soap, water and with antiseptics such as chlorhexidine , povidone iodine, triclosan or alcohol which typically contain 60-90% ethanol or isopropanol and it is most important means of preventing spread of infection. Liquid soap will remove many of the transient microorganisms. Kerr (1998) mentions that liquid soap is preferable to bar soap in clinical area as it avoids the contamination problems. ICNA (1998) also says that hand washing with liquid soap is adequate for most routine procedures and the handling of used equipment is easily removed by washing for 10-15 seconds. There for using liquid soap also avoids some contamination problem. Reybrouck (1986) believes that it is acknowledged that the dispenser of liquid soap may keep lead from contamination. However Heenan (1992) options that harsh soap challenges is more practice and recognized by healthcare professional. Alcohol will kills bacteria more effectively than most other products because it preparations have a rapid action. According to Lee and Bishop (1997) mentions that alcohol is an effective agent to avoid the microorganism by dissolving lipids in the cell wall. However Voss and Widmer (1997) believe that using alcohol is a widely advocated where the hands avoid from soiled. Alcohol handrub also will save time if the handrub is widely available at each bed space. 17.4% reduction in the incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and a consistent reduction in the proportion of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by the introduction of Spirigel, which is an alcohol-based gel (Gopal Rao et al 2002). Alcohol with added emollients are less irritating than antiseptic agents and efficacious as detergents. Larson (1999) mentions that emollients may protect against cross infection by keeping the resident skin flora intact and hand lotion to protect ski n irritating. Alcohol also as an antiseptic agents and prevent the spread of infection in healthcare setting. Kjolen and Anderson (1992) opinion that alcohol are now available an antiseptic agents such as triclosan and chlorhexidine to destroy microorganism. However I not agree with this stamen because alcohol rub can spore forming pathogen and are not suitable for use in all situations. Therefore soaps are still using as a washing agent in clinical area. A study undertaken in Sweden by Meding and Jarvhol (2002) states that rate of skin irritation among the general public is 9.7-11.8% lower than among healthcare professional workers. Percentage of healthcare workers with skin irritation could be much higher than that of the general public reaching a prevalence rate of 17-30% (Smit et al 1993). Antiseptic agent may be better than traditional hand washing to decrease infection rate. Heenan (1996) suggest that antiseptic agent more invasive procedures, contamination with body fluids and dealing with infectious patients. Antiseptic agent is concerned, triclosan, chlorhexidine and alcohol commonly discussed products. According to McLure and Gordon (1992) povidone iodine has a wider spectrum of activity than chlorhexidine. However Kampf et al (1998) believes that 70% chlorhexidine more effective agent against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Therefore these products are ideal and can save the time. Heenan (1996) mentions that antiseptic agent can save time as an alternative to hand washing in busy treatment area. Personal hygiene especially fingernails are important in hand washing to preventing infection. Horton and Parker (2002) mention that daily bathing, keeping nails short, tying hair and not wearing jewellery, with hand washing is a important aspect to avoid infection. The space below long fingernails operates as a reservoir for bacteria. It will increase the risk of cross infection among healthcare member to the patients. Artificial nails and nail art should be avoided because they increase the number of bacteria present, increasing risk of cross infection Jeanes and Green (2001). Short fingernails prevent from infection and scratching the patients skin, which is easily to be fragile among elderly people. Larson et al (1998) mention that when it becomes sore and chapped on the skin, it available to contribute to cross infection. Poor hand hygiene can spread of MRSA and increase the mortality in hospital. Newsom (1993) noticed that the rate of mortality from puerperal fever was 11.5% wh en delivery had been perform by doctors in obstetrician in Vienna Lying. These sometime antiseptic agents have a propensity towards to skin irritation and allergic effects. Ayliffe et al (1988) mentions that iodine and alcohol has little or no residual effect after used. According to Larson (1995) says that triclosan has relatively low skin irritation and Babb et al (1991) believe that triclosan and iodine was little effects used. Alcohol based hand rub also will damage the skin such as burning sensation. Boyce (2000) agree that damage skin are stimulated by the alcohol and cause irritation to the epidermal. The effects of hand hygiene product can cause problem to the skin. Gould et al (2000); Larson (2001); Boyce (2001) mention that frequently of hand washing among healthcare staff are frequently problem due to sore and dry hands. Hand washing is clearly seen as the responsibility of the individual healthcare workers and patients of preventing infection. Staff attitude are the factors to contribute lack of hand hygiene in hospital. In order to change attitude, healthcare works must be motivated. Achieved a change in attitude by providing interventions to reinforce hand washing (Williams and Buckles 1988). According to Zimakoff et al (1992) studied the factors that affect hand hygiene behavior in healthcare works in 15 hospitals in Denmark and Norway. Safe practice will occur when staffs are well informed and positive attitude toward to prevent infection. Kretzer (1998) opinion that various psychosocial parameters hand hygiene behavior include attitude, social, habits, role model, knowledge and motivation. Healthcare works must take precautions to protect ourselves and patients from infection. However I believe a bad attitude is cause of poor hand hygiene among healthcare staff. The Infection Control Nurses Association (ICNA 1998) mentions that hand washing policies has published but nurses do not adhere the hand washing protocols effectively. Time also one of the factors to contribute infection. Ayliffe (1978) mentions that student nurses takes between 1 minute and 1.5 minutes to walk 5 yards to a sink, adjust the water, wet the hand, obtain some liquid soap and complete hand washing technique as devised. This hand cleansing technique was carried out more than 10 minutes or around 15% of the shift in activities concerned with hand washing. Weeks (1999) say that 15 % extra staffing would be required to encompass these extra hand washing duties. While Pittet and Beyce (2001) believe that if alcohol hand rub was used, it only takes 20 seconds for hand hygiene and it would reduced considerably. Time of hand washing also depending on policy is managed. Staff should be cleansed before and after every patient contact with no exception, as outlined in the evident-based practice project (EPIC) Pratt et al (2001). Wet surfaces can transfer microorganism more effectively than dry ones and bacteria remaining after washing will be removed by the added friction. Marples and Towers (1979) believe that wet surfaces previously transfer microorganisms more effectively than dry environment. Drying is important to reduce infection and risk of sore. Ansari et al (1991) says that hand drying is importance in removing and avoids transfer microorganism effectively. Towels should be dried well each time and changed regularly after used to prevent infection. According to Horton (1995) cloth towel become damp and contaminated are potential to be a significant source of infection. Drying hand with paper towels also advocated away transient microorganism. Ansari et al (1991) says those disposable paper towels are more effectively than cloth towel to prevent infection and reducing contamination. Drying with paper towels is quicker and more thorough: 7-9 seconds compared to 25.4 seconds with dryers.Now hot air dryers have been installed in public premises such as restaurants and shopping complex. Unfortunately there may in fact contribute to the dissemination of infection. The circuits and nozzles of dryers can become heavily contaminated and could decontaminated hand by recirculation bacteria laden air currents (Redway et al, 1991). Education and training for healthcare workers in hand washing are important for preventing infection among them and patients. Elliott (1996) believes that education and training adequate about hand washing is importance in promoting safe practice for professional healthcare workers. Health education and training hand washing should be reinforced at each healthcare staff and patients. This will improve training in hand washing and education of infection factors. However House of Lords (2003) have reported that healthcare do not receive comprehensive pre-registration education in infection control. Hospital need to develop education to healthcare works as strategies to improve hand hygiene among them. Health education for all staff about hand washing technique are recommended, however Naikoba and Hayward (2001) opinion that one off educational interventions have a limited effect. Bischoff et al (2000) Education and feedback intervention and patient awareness programmes, failure to improve hand washing compliance (Bischoff et al 2000). Knowledgeable are important among healthcare professional of preventing infection. Goulds (1995) mention that nurses theoretical and knowledge of universal precautions is useful to prevent infection and ability to assimilate theoretical knowledge into practice. Knowledgeable followed by standard precaution can give a best treatment to the patients, therefore it can decrease infection problem. The nurse with limited background knowledge will lack the tools needed from experience and the scope of practice will be limited by background the nurse brings to the clinical situation (Benner 1984). Guidelines and policies should clear to describe hand washing activities. Gould (2002) says that a general rules was recommended for healthcare workers to breaking the chain of infection. New protocol and guidelines may lead to clearer definitions of terms being developed. Educating healthcare works on protocol and guidelines may be equally and beneficial in encouraging to them. Infection control nurses or their link nurses could undertake this teaching at ward level as this is viewed as the best place to teach good clinical practice (Gould 1996). However, this could be lacking and vague in evidence based guidelines and a clear documented standard principle are needed. Pratt et al (2000) mentions that The Epic Projects was designed to develop guidelines and standard principles for preventing Healthcare associated infection (HAIs).Therefore, failure technique of hand washing among the healthcare workers cause of failure of guidelines. According to Parker (1999) states that failure in education and training can cause of failure of hand hygiene. Hoffman and Wilson (1994) also believe that evidence based guidelines of hand washing technique is less clear, however brief hand wash followed by rinsing and drying is recognized to remove some transient skin flora. Health teaching and scientific information about hand washing is important to prevent infection among healthcare staff and public. Health education about hand hygiene should offering from early school among the student to practice the correct technique. Institute of Child Health (UCL 2009) says that parents and children should been know the important of hand hygiene to prevent infection. It is not just knowledge to them but as a responsibility for their own action. Information and health teaching among patients and visitor about hand washing is a nurses responsibility. According to Charalambous (1995) says that nurses should disseminate information and possess good teaching skills include demonstration of appropriate hand washing. From the literature it is clear that poor hand cleansing by healthcare workers increase the risk of infection. Most infections in hospitals and other settings where health and social care are delivered are transmitted to patients directly via the hand of health workers (Gould et al 2008).Evidence indicates that many factors to contribute infection among healthcare staff. Confidential Enquire into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy CESDI (1999) study that around 5% of the death analyses cause of infection. Factors influence to infection such as lack of knowledge, lack of attitude, lack of facilities, lack of technique and lack of times. An intervention to promote hand washing plays an important role in the prevention of infection in hospitals. Conclusion In healthcare setting, frequently hand washing among healthcare staff can prevent infection spreading from patient to patient and from patient to healthcare staff. The primary goal of Infection Control is to educate all staff to practice good infection prevention technique to protect patients from spreading infection. Guidelines and protocols should therefore be clear to encourage universal compliance to best practice. To improve patient safety and reduce costs, good hand washing should become the highest priorities in healthcare institutions.

The Theme of War in Fool’s Sanctuary :: Fool’s Sanctuary

The Theme of War in Fool’s Sanctuary One of the themes that Jennifer Johnston deals with in her book Fool’s Sanctuary is war. Within this theme she looks at how people view war, and how war affects different people. In this book Johnston shows the war in a bad light. Miranda, Mr. Martin and Cathal all support the IRA, or believed in a "free" Ireland and all lost something important to them. Andrew and Harry who were fighting against the IRA , and thought that Ireland should not be free had nothing that was very important to them taken away. Although Andrew was basically unable to visit his immediate family again he had not done so in years before, and in this visit where the story takes place he had arguments with his father, Miranda said that he should not have come, and he himself said that he hated Ternon. Cathal is the most rational character at Ternon. Unlike the other characters he sees things for what they are and does not try to hide from the mistakes he does not want to face up to. The main fault in his character lies in the way the he does not always think ahead, or at least not until it is too late. This is shown when he comes back from telling the IRA about Andrew and Harry staying at Ternon and stands outside thinking about whether or not he should tell them what he has done. In the end Cathal owned up to his mistake. As well as showing his strong conscience it also showed that he does not let emotions influence his judgement and values. While standing out in the rain he was Harry comforting Miranda. He could well have taken this as being something more than what it was and let the IRA come and kill Andrew and Harry. Cathal’s conscience is shown to be really strong, and it is the reason that he was able to give up his life. The way that Cathal changed his mind about what was the right thing to do shows the irrationality of the war. Cathal supports the war strongly enough to be a member of the IRA, and it was this loyalty that led him to tell them about Andrew and Harry. When he changed his mind and told Andrew and Harry about what he had done it showed Cathal’s love for people.

The Effects Of War And Music Together Essay -- essays research papers

The Effects of War and Music Together How are music and war related? Music puts a voice in the people’s ears, and tells them whether or not we should be involved in that war. It helped out the troops when they were over seas to not be so home sick. Also, every war preceding the Vietnam War had music to help or support the war, but the Vietnam War is where music during wartime changed. The Vietnam War has been called "America's first rock-and-roll war" because of rock music that was played and listened to by all Americans. As the draft was raised and draft dodgers were being cracked down on, an overwhelming number of military personnel belonged to one generation: the average age of combat soldiers was 19 and 90 percent were under 23 years of age (Vietnam War Characteristics). Many of these soldiers did not want to be in Vietnam, and no one wanted to be away from his surroundings back home. Therefore, many soldiers took things that reminded them of home. Rock music was what most soldiers brought from home, along with beads and peace symbols. The beads and peace symbols were worn with the uniforms to remind the soldiers of the family at home (Abernathy interview). Between the military branches, there was no preference in what music was liked, however officers liked one thing and soldiers liked another. Most soldiers preferred hard rock or psychedelic music; 30 percent enjoyed rhythm and blues; 10 percent, country; 5 percent, classical; and 10 percent...

What My Sister Means to Me

article 4 nola. com Gulf of Mexico oil spill's environmental impact expected to be profound, long-lasting Published: Friday, May 07, 2010, 8:26 PM As the â€Å"Miss Brandy† shrimp boat skimmed rust-colored clumps of oxidized oil from Chandeleur Sound, seagulls from a flock circling nearby dived beneath a light oily sheen on the water's surface to feed on a school of minnows Friday afternoon. â€Å"The fish are probably coming to the surface because they're dying from the oil,† said Larry Schweiger, president and CEO of the National Wildlife Federation. Those gulls think they're getting a free meal when really they're getting a load of toxins. † Schweiger, who heads the nation's largest conservation group, led reporters on a six-hour boat tour to survey ecological damage caused by the Deepwater Horizon oil leak, which has been spewing an estimated 210,000 gallons of sweet crude per day into the Gulf of Mexico since the drilling rig exploded April 20. A 100-mile rou nd trip from Venice to the Chandeleur Islands revealed no oil on the shorelines of several islands. However, areas in Chandeleur Sound are crisscrossed by long ribbons of degraded oil, which turns a rust color as iron in the oil is exposed to air. Once scooped from the water, the oily clumps transform into gooey dark brown globs with the consistency of molasses. Shrimp boats were deployed throughout the sound to skim the water with orange booms to corral the floating oil. Schweiger traced the clumping phenomenon to a decision by BP, which was leasing the rig and is in charge of clean-up efforts, to use dispersants both on the water's surface and below the surface to break up the oil before it can wash ashore. Using dispersants minimizes the damage to the coastline, but the oil is spread throughout the water column and probably does more damage to the fisheries,† he said. â€Å"The dispersants just shift the risk. It's a trade off. † He applauded the decision to halt the use of underwater dispersants on the Deepwater Horizon leak, which is nearly a mile below the water' s surface, deeper than chemical dispersants had ever been used before. About two miles west of the Chandeleur Islands, schools of rain minnows could be seen darting beneath the floating oil. Schweiger said the fish are likely doomed. Dispersants will make oil and water mix, but there's no way to make oil and fish mix,† he said. Most islands in Chandeleur Sound are not protected by containment booms. One notable exception is New Harbor Island, a prime nesting ground for brown pelicans because the mangrove trees enable the birds to build nests safe from high tides. The island is encircled by booms, but beyond the booms were patches of oily water. â€Å"You can protect the island from the oil, but the pelicans are still exposed to it when they feed on fish in contaminated water,† Schweiger said. There have been several confirmed sightings of oil on barrier islands, but he oil does not appear to be staying very long, at least not in high concentrations. Schweiger pointed to a spot on Freemason Island, where he had seen oil the day before. Nevertheless, high tides had apparently washed it away by Friday afternoon, when several killdeer could be seen darting along the shoreline where the oil had been. However, Schweiger noted that little of the oil gushing from the ruptured well for more than two weeks has been removed from the water. â€Å"Just because you can't always see the oil doesn't mean it's not there and that it's not going to have a huge impact on nature,† he said.

The Pathways of Plant Water Movement

taste 6- The Pathways of Plant Water Movement organize To investigate the movement of materials in xylem Materials ? clear cultivated cultivated celery stalk with leaves ? bromeosin resultant role (1%) ?A plastic container with tap pissing ?A conniving scalpel ?Hand lens ?A crystallize microscope ?Two methamphetamine slides ?A cover slip take a chance Assessment and Safety Precautions Risk AssessmentSafety Precautions Eosin solution- fundament cause stainsAlways use gloves when handling Scalpel is dangerous and loafer cause cutsAlways palm carefully, with blade facing down. Be oddly careful when walking with a scalpel.Glassware can break easilyBe careful with all glassware. If cut, swoosh with water and seek advice to avoid infection. manner 1. Obtain a fresh celery stalk and employ a sharp scalpel to make a 45 spot angle cut under water, to preclude the air bubbles from blocking the xylem. Immediately rigid the celery stalk in eosin solution and left it overni ght. 2. Removed celery stalk from the eosin solution and used a scalpel to cut a really thin, transverse section of the celery shuck. 3. pose the thin sample on a clean slide and covered it with a cover slip.Observed the sample under towering magnification using a light microscope. 4. Drew the observation under a high power. 5. Located one vascular bundle and peeled it longitudinally in the stain region. Made a rigorous mount of the longitudinal tissue and divulged it under a microscope. Results transversal (Low)Transverse (High) X40X400 Longitudinal (High) X400 Questions/ Discussion 1)What general chemical group structures were stained? What tissues in these structures were most heavily stained? The general stem structures stained were the cell walls of the xylem. The base of the celery stem was most heavily stained. )What statement can you make regarding the transpirational pathway of water in a plant? Even melodic theme distribution is important for both water and nut rient uptake, because of the movement of water and nutrients in the soil and in the plant xylem,, however root distribution is important. The The xylem pathway is a continuous column of water, which is not worried by bubbles, and contained in a cellulose shout which the walls are porous in places. 3)What was the end of this exercise? The purpose of this exercise was to observe and investigate the movement of materials (in this case, water) in xylem.

How to Protect the Environment Essay

Character is a praxis of behavior, thoughts and feelings found on universal principles, incorrupt strength, and rightfulness plus the guts to live by those principles all day. Character is evidenced by your lifes virtues and the line you never cross. Character is the intimately worth(predicate) thing you have, and nobody net ever spot it away.Why Character is ImportantCharacter in life is what makes mickle believe in you and is necessary both for individual conquest and for our society to guide victorfully. Each individual must do his or her part every day by victuals a life of integrity. Integrity is adhering to a moral code of honesty, courage, strength and truthfulness being accredited to your develop. When you dont exhibit integrity, other people get hurt. But you hurt yourself even more. When you cheat, your success is false. When you break a promise, you are showing that your word is meaningless. When you lie, you deceive others and lose their respect. All of those examples destroy your constitution and break the trust others have in you. Without your high-priced reputation and trustworthiness, your relationships fail.Relationships and SuccessRelationships are the foundation for success in life. For example, when you destroy the relationships with your friends, you will have no friends. You will be isolated and alone. If a disciple promises not to cheat, but does, he is taking partial advantage to put himself ahead of others without deserving it. He can ruin his reputation, his academic record and his rent out prospects forever. When a businessman makes a promise to customers and doesnt deliver, he destroys his relationships with his customers.His customers go elsewhere and his business fails. By breaking your relationships, you break the foundation for success in your life. What is true success? For example, who is more successful? someone who is famous and makes a great deal of money, or someone who has no fame, makes little mon ey, but is a great parent? Today, in school, is too a right deal emphasis being placed on good grades and high test scores so much(prenominal) so that are these things, rather than good character, how we define success?ConclusionYour good character is the most important asset you have. It takes a lifetime to defecate but can be lost in an instant. Once lost, it is difficult to regain. Your true character is revealed when no one else is looking. Often, people decide to act based on short term gain, or an flaccid fix to a problem and end up doing the wrong thing. The old adage you are what you do is true. Failure to consider the long term consequences of your acts can be disastrous. By study and focusing on the importance of character, you will be guided by principles, moral strength, and integrity to do the right thing. aught is more important for true success in your life.